Immunoglobulin

Question 1

These are glycoprotein molecules that are produced by plasma cells in response to an immunogen and which functions as antibodies.

Answer 1

Immunoglobulin

Question 2

What two chains are immunoglobulins composed of?

Answer 2

Heavy and light chains

Question 3

What bond are the chains held together by?

Answer 3

disulfide bonds

Question 4

What is the name of the part of an antigen that an antibody binds to?

Answer 4

Epitope

Question 5

What is an idiotype?

Answer 5

The antibodies ability to bind to various different antigens (due to variations of amino acids sequences within the variable domains)

Question 6

The function of the hinge region of an antibody

Answer 6

Improves flexibility

Question 7

What part of the antibody controls the type of isotype (antibody)

Answer 7

The constant region

Question 8

What structural scaffold supports the hypervariable regions

Answer 8

Framework

Question 9

What are the hypervariable regions also called

Answer 9

Complementarity determining regions

Question 10

Which specific part of the variable region has a direct interaction with the antigen?

Answer 10

The hypervariable region

Question 11

What sequence in the hypervariable loops accounts for the diversity of antigens that can be recognized by a repertoire of antibodies?

Answer 11

Variable amino acid sequence

Question 12

Genetic variation in the constant regions of antibodies, that differ between individuals within the same species is

Answer 12

Allotypes

Question 13

The heavy chain constant region structures give rise to classes and subclasses called

Answer 13

Isotypes

Question 14

What form does IgM exist when it is acting as a receptor on B-cells

Answer 14

Monomer

Question 15

Monomeric IgM has very low affinity for antigen. True / False

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What form does IgM exist when it is secreted from the plasma cells

Answer 16

Pentameric form

Question 17

What antibody is the first to be produced in a primary immune response

Answer 17

IgM

Question 18

Which constant region of the heavy chain of IgM initiates the activation of the classical complement pathway when bound to C1q

Answer 18

Cμ3

Question 19

Which constant region of the heavy chain of IgM facilitates the uptake of opsonised antigens by macrophages when bound to C3b?

Answer 19

Cμ1

Question 20

Which constant region of the heavy chain of IgM mediates multimerization

Answer 20

Cμ4

Question 21

Which chain plays a crucial role in the formation of pentamers in IgM

Answer 21

J chain

Question 22

What chain helps in the formation of dimers in IgA

Answer 22

J chain

Question 23

How many subclasses does IgA exist in and what are they

Answer 23

2, IgA1 and IgA2

Question 24

Where is the IgA1 subclass mostly found

Answer 24

It is mostly found in serum

Question 25

Where is the IgA2 subclass mostly found

Answer 25

Found in mucosal secretions, colostrum and milk

Question 26

What makes IgA2

Answer 26

B cells located in the mucosae

Question 27

What are the general functions of immunoglobulins

Answer 27

Antigen Binding Effector Functions

Question 28

Which Ig is the third most common serum?

Answer 28

IgM

Question 29

Which Ig is the first Ig to be made by a fetus?

Answer 29

IgM

Question 30

Why is IgM a good complement fixing Ig ?

Answer 30

Due to its pentameric structure

Question 31

Which Ig is a good agglutinating Ig?

Answer 31

IgM

Question 32

IgM binds to some cells via

Answer 32

Fc receptors

Question 33

In adults what conditions does IgM increase

Answer 33

Trypanomiasis Malaria Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 34

Which Ig is the major Ig in serum and extra vascular space?

Answer 34

IgG

Question 35

Which Ig is the only class of Ig that crosses the placenta?

Answer 35

IgG

Question 36

Which subclass of IgG does not cross the placenta very well?

Answer 36

IgG2

Question 37

In which conditons does IgG increase

Answer 37

Liver Disease Severe Malnutrition Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 38

Which class of IgG does not fix complement very well?

Answer 38

IgG 4

Question 39

Which subclassses of IgG does not cross bind equally well to Fc receptors?

Answer 39

IgG2 and IgG4

Question 40

IgG and IgM activates how many distinct complement proteins?

Answer 40

11

Question 41

Which Ig is the second most common serum Ig?

Answer 41

IgA

Question 42

Which Ig are the first line of defense

Answer 42

IgM

Question 43

How long does it take for IgG to reach significant conc. after exposure to a new antigen

Answer 43

About 10 days

Question 44

What kind of bonds exists between antigens and antibodies

Answer 44

Van der Waals Hydrogen bond Hydrophobic Ionic salt bridge

Question 45

Which class of Ig is the major class of Ig in secretions

Answer 45

IgA

Question 46

Which class of Ig does not fix complement unless aggregated

Answer 46

IgA

Question 47

Which type of cells does IgA bind to?

Answer 47

PMNs and some lymphocytes

Question 48

In what condition does IgA increase and decreases

Answer 48

Cirrhosis of the Liver Malabsorption Syndromes

Question 49

Which class of Ig is found in low levels in serum

Answer 49

IgD

Question 50

Where is IgD primarily found?

Answer 50

The surface of B cells and they act as cell surface receptors

Question 51

Which class of Ig doesn’t bind complement

Answer 51

IgD

Question 52

In What conditions does IgD increase

Answer 52

Chronic infections, IgD myelomas

Question 53

Which class of Ig is the least common serum Ig?

Answer 53

IgE

Question 54

Why is IgE considered as the least in serum?

Answer 54

It binds to Fc receptors on basophils and mast cells even before they interact with antigen

Question 55

Which Ig is involved in allergic reactions?

Answer 55

IgE

Question 56

How are IgEs involved with Allergic reactions

Answer 56

Binding of the allergen to the IgE receptor on Basophils results in the release of various pharmacological receptors that lead to allergic symptoms

Question 57

Which Ig does not fix complement?

Answer 57

IgE

Question 58

Where are B cells produced?

Answer 58

Bone marrow

Question 59

The two stages of B cells response

Answer 59

Primary immune response Secondary immune response

Question 60

During immune response the B cells change into what two form of cells?

Answer 60

Memory and plasma cells

Question 61

Which type of cell cause a change in form of the B cells?

Answer 61

T cells

Question 62

Cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts is called?

Answer 62

Hybridoma

Question 63

What are the methods of purifying monoclonal antibodies

Answer 63

1. Filtration for larger particles 2. Ultrafiltration esp. for low concentration samples 3. Chromatography

Question 64

study the Elisa slides again

Question 65

What is used to fuse B cells with myeloma cells

Answer 65

PEG - polyethylene glycol