Immunology Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Principles of ifectious disease:
Stages of infection
A
Attachment, replication, spread, shedding/elimination
2
Q
Attachment
A
May be extra or intracellular Nutrition sources (attachment sites)
3
Q
Replication
A
Host nutrition + pathogenic (bug wants more than his share of the area) organism
4
Q
Spread
A
Local tissues or systemic
5
Q
Shedding/Elimination
A
Post immune function clean up
6
Q
When you have an acute viral infection
A
Lymphocytes go up and neutrophils go down (PMNDs) in circulation
7
Q
What are the cells responsible for killing virally infected cells?
A
NK cells and cytotoxic cells
8
Q
What is the humoral response due to acute viral infection?
A
Production of IgM/IgG to neutralize viral particles in the blood
9
Q
What can chronic viral infection do to the body?
A
It can result in reduced number of circulating lymphocytes
10
Q
What is the host response due to BACTERIAL infections?
A
Results in an increase of circulating PMNs to directly kill bacteria and lymphocytes decrease
The humoral response produces antibodies to opsonize bacteria for phagocytosis, induce complement binding, and neutralize bacterial toxins
11
Q
What would be the result of chronic bacterial infections?
A
Neutropenia - lower than normal levels of neutrophils
Increase of monocytes
12
Q
What are antigen-presenting cells
A
phagocytic
13
Q
Thermal physiology
Why does my body make my body to a certain amount
Where does my temperature come from?
A
COmes from the sum total of all of my mitochondria activity in my body.
COmes from muscle, heart, liver, brain - largest metabolic
14
Q
What interleukin is the trigger for fever?
A
Interleukin-1
IL-1 acts on the anterior hypothalamus to increase the production of prostaglandins.
15
Q
What are prostaglandins?
A
they increase the set-point temperature, setting in motion the heat-generating mechanisms that increase body temperature and produce fever.
16
Q
What do we use to reduce fever?
A
Aspirin
17
Q
How does aspirin reduce fever?
A
By inhibiting cyclooxygenase, thereby inhibiting the production of prostaglandins. Therefore, aspirin decreases the setpoint temperature.
18
Q
What else do we use to reduce a fever?
A
Steroids. They reduce fever by blocking the release of arachnoid acid from the brain phospholipids, thereby preventing the production of prostaglandins
19
Q
Are natural killer cells (NK) specific or non-specific community?
A
Non-specific. They do not care who it is.
They are cytotoxic cells that create a hole in antigen cells or create an osmotic cascade to kill them,
From common lymphoid stem cell in marrow like B cells.
20
Q
Where do t cells originate from?
Where do they mature at?
A
Bone marrow
Thymus
21
Q
Lymph nodes
A
Place where T-cells and B-cells “hang out”
ECF excess with antigens percolates through LN’s and memory T and B cells can activate against any antigen previously seen
22
Q
Bone marrow
A
Where stem cells come from
Where B cells mature
23
Q
What does B-cell mean?
A
Bone marrow cell maturation
24
Q
What does hemocytoblast divide into?
A
Either myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells?
25
What happens to lymphoid stem cells?
They can either go to the Thymus and mature into T cells or stay in the bone marrow and mature into either B-cells or NK cells
26
Remember
T-cell is CMI, cell-mediated immunity
27
Immune response: specific
antigen triggers an immune response
Antigen-presenting cells present antigen to T cells.
Activates T cells/CMI
T cells are activated after phagocytes are exposed to antigen
T cells attack the antigen and stimulate B cells
Activated B cells mature and produce antibody
Antibody attacks antigen
Antibody attacks antigen
28
What are the first responders to bacterial infection?
Neutrophils
29
Which cells are activated during complement cascade?
Basophils
30
What cells are increased during allergy and activated during parasite infection?
Eosinophils
31
What are interferons?
Any group of proteins produced by cells in the body in response to an attack by a virus
32
What cells produce alpha interneurons?
```
Leukocytes.
Inhibits cell (tumor) proliferation, enhances NK growth
```
33
What cells produce beta interferons?
Fibroblasts
34
Gamma
Made mainly by T-cells
Activates NK, Killer T cells
Activates macrophages, Gamma is one of the most effective mediators of phagocytic activity in macrophages
35
How did TNF get its name?
Because it was found eating tumor cells
36
What is the role of TNF?
It is a cytokine whose role is the regulation of immune cells. TNF, as an endogenous pyrogen, is able to induce fever, apoptotic cell death, cachexia, inflammation and to inhibit tumorigenesis, viral replication, and respond to sepsis via IL-1 and IL-6-producing cells.
37
Major histocompatibility complex I
Presents viral antigen to CD8 T lymphocytes
| Play a major role in killing virally infected cells and cancer cells
38
Major Histocompatibility Complex II
Docking protein on macrophage which hooks a CD4 T-helper cell to the Macrophage
39
IgA
Secretory
Primarily the secretory form is the useful kind.
Found in the blood but mainly in:
tears, saliva, mucus.
Prevents bacteria, viruses, and toxin from attaching to mucosal linings
40
IgE
Allergy
Type-1 immediate hypersensitivity (allergy) reactions
Triggers the response to an allergen
Parasite infection
41
IgM
First responder
Elevated in acute infection
Basis for ABO-blood type antigen/transfusion.
42
IgG
Long term
Most common type
Focuses NK cells to their targets
USed in passive immunization
43
What is the first B-cell product?
IgM
44
Type I hypersensitivity reaction
IgE mediated
Immediate (reaction within minutes)
Epinephrine is given to do vasoconstriction
Asthma, Anaphylaxis,
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Hypersensitivity mnemonic
```
ACID
A - Type I
C - Type II
I - Type III
D - Type IV
```
46
Type II
IgG or IgM bind to an antigen
Complement activation +/- NK cell activation
Death of self cells
Cytotoxic - involving IgG and IgM
Cmooth (smooth) linear deposition
Good pasture syndrome
47
Type III
Immune complex
IgG or IgM bind to antigen
Complexes deposit in various tissues
Compliment is activated in target tissues
Immune complex, lump-I bump-I
thick deposition
Poststreptoccocal Glomerulonephritis
SLE
48
Type IV
Delayed - doesn't happen fast
Cell-mediated
CD8+ TH1 directly kill cells
Delayed, Diabetes, Dermatitis, Diagnose TB
49
DiGeorge's syndrome
Thymic hypoplasia
Selective T cell deficiency from secondary to agenesis of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches
Total absence of cell-mediated immunity
Short nose, small eye openings, low nasal bridge
Deletion chromosome 22 and cleft lip
50
Scleroderma/Systemic Sclerosis
Sclero = Hard
Derma = skin
Rare autoimmune disorder
Normal tissue is replaced by thick connective tissue
Excessive collagen/fibrosis in the microvasculature throughout the body
Skin, Gi, Kidneys, heart, lungs
Unknown cause; autoimmune response to unknown antigens
Women > men
51
Sjogren's syndrome
An autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of exocrine glands of Lacrimal and Salivary glands
Dry eyes, dry mouth
52
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic = multiple organs affected
Erythematosus = reddening of the skin
Any tissue can be targeted
Injury to skin, joints, kidney, serosal membranes.
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
Radiation, viruses, bacteria, medications, sex hormones (more common in women_
53
HIV infection/ AIDS
HIV = retro-virus
Sexual contact, parental inoculation, mother to newborn during delivery, breast milk.
Loss of CD4 T cells and impairment of the function of surviving ones
Infection of monocytes and macrophages
54
Gram-positive cocci
Tend to have no flagella, are non-motile, and non-spore-forming
55
S. Aureus
Beta-hemolytic pattern on blood agar
Coagulase Positive = which are more pathogenic to humans
Causes impetigo, toxic shock syndrome
These are usually in clusters, forms bubbles
56
What is impetigo?
Impetigo is a common and highly contagious skin infection that mainly affects infants and young children
vomiting, diarrhea, fever.
57
Streptococci
Catalase negative
Chains / Strep looks like strips; Arranged in chains
Group A and B both Beta Hemolytic
Group A we find in the throat usually
58
```
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)
gram +
```
Pyogenic = pus producing
Pharyngitis, impetigo, Scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis
Rheumatoid fever
59
```
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B)
gram +
```
Forms chains
Previously known to infect cattle -> decrease milk production
Post-partum infection in the infant
Neonatal sepsis and meningitis
60
Enterococcus
| gram +
Entero = intestines
Coccus = round shape
Usually colonizes GUT of humans
URI Neddle stick
61
Streptococcus pneumonia
| gram +
Most commonly acquired pneumonia
Pneumonia, sinusitis, meningitis, Otitis media
Bloody sputum
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What is pneumonia?
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
63
```
Streptococcus mutans (viridans)
gram +
```
commonly found in dental caries (pt gets antibiotics prior to dental work so don't infect heart valves)
Bacteremia and heart disease
64
What are the gram + bacterias?
Streptococci, staphylococci, clostridium, Bacillus, enterococcus, M lepra, and listeria
65
Clostridium botulinum
| gram +
Anaerobic
Flaccid muscle paralysis (block ACh blocking cholinergic nerves)
infant raw honey
The toxin causes the disease by blocking the release of acetylcholine from motor nerve endings.
Foodborne botulism can happen by eating foods that have been contaminated with botulinum toxin. Common sources of foodborne botulism are homemade foods that have been improperly canned, preserved, or fermented
66
Clostridium tetani
| gram +
Contractile paralysis, muscle spasm/cramp
Neurotoxin blocks cholinergic nerves blocks the release of ACh.
Anti glycine and GABA
67
Clostridium difficile
| gram +
severe infection of the colon after use of antibiotics
| Foul stool odor
68
Clostridium perfringes
| gram +
per = through
fringens = disruption of tissue
Food poisoning
Gas gangrene
69
Are all clostridium anaerobic?
YES
70
Bacillus spp.
| gram +
aerobic / facultatively anaerobic
| if oxygen is deprived, they become anaerobes
71
Bacillus Anthracis
Spores in soil areas with animals
Anthrax
Cutaneous: painless papule, to black eschar formation
Inhalation: spores from soil / terrorists
72
Bacillus cereus
Spores everywhere, less deadly than anthrax
Toxins in foods
Eye infection - very destructive, most common cause of traumatic eye infection
73
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Club shaped rod / chinese letter shaped
Common on skin and in respiratory secretions
Viral URI develops and a pharyngeal pseudomembrane, gray coating which can cause severe hemorrhage
74
Listeria
tiny rod, demonstrate a tumbling motility on wet mount
FOund everywhere. Animals are primary reservoir
Neonatal disease highly fatal
Granulomotosis infatiseptica
Replicates in macrophages, with the help of listeriolysin O and thus avoids antibodies and other bactericidal agents
75
Neisseria Gonorrhea
| gram -
```
ferment only glucose
catalase and oxidase positive
2nd most common STD in the US
Urethritis - male - green discharge
Cervicitis - female
```
76
Neisseria Meningitis
| gram -
```
Can ferment both maltose and glucose
catalase and oxidase positive
purpura/petechiae rash
Highest infection rate < 1 yr old children
Adult meningitis: nuchal rigidity, lethargy,
Children: fever, N/V only
100% fatal if untreated
15% fatal if treated
```
77
Gram-negative rods
All members are facultative anaerobes, ferment glucose, oxidase negative, and reduce nitrates to generate energy
78
E. Coli (escherichia coli)
| gram -
```
Most common Escherichia
Ferments lactose
Septicemia
UTIA (most common cause of UTI)
Gastroenteritis
Neonatal meningitis
```
79
Remember
group B strep is number 1 cause of neonatal meningitis.
| E.coli is number 2 because there is LOTS of E. coli in the birth canal
80
E. Coli - Enterotoxigenic
Small intestine disease
Toxin mediated N/V/D.
Travelers Diarrhea
Lactose fermentation +
81
E. coli Enteropathogenic
Small intestine
Infantile non-bloody diarrhea
Traveler's diarrhea for a baby
Lactose fermentation +
82
E. coli - Enteroinvasive
```
Large intestine epithelial invasion
Watery diarrhea followed by dysentery with scant bloody spots - little blood
Fever
Diarrhea with blood and mucus
Fecal WBC present
Lactose fermentation +
```
83
E. coli - Enterohemorrhagic
```
Verotoxin mediated (Shigella like toxin)
Little or no fever
Severe N/D
Diarrhea is copious and watery, followed by the BLOODY phase
0157:H7
Lactose fermentation +
```
84
Salmonella typhi
| gram - rods
```
fecal-to-oral
contaminated food and water
typhoid fever
abdominal pain
diarrhea, vomititing,
10-14 days incubation
rigid belly and rose spots on the abdomen
lactose ferm -
```
85
Salmonella enteriditis
| gram - rods
common food poisoning, onset 6-48hrs
Fever, N/V/D
resolves in 2-7 days
86
Shigella dysenterie
| gram - rods
Very similar to E.coli
Lower abdominal cramps + pus/blood in stool
Lactose fermentation -
87
Klebsiella pneumonia
common in alcoholics, immune-compromised patients, diabetics
| currant jelly sputum
88
Yersinia
Bubonic plaque
Safety-pin stain pattern, a little center not stained
Flea bite, more deadly through inhalation
Bubonic plague 75% fatal untreated
Pneumonic plague 90% fatal
89
Proteus mirabilis
UTI. pH increase and increased stone formation bad UTI and a lot more pain than normal UTI
produces urease
90
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
```
burn infections
UTI, respiratory systemic infection, dermatitis, etc
Hard to kill/resistant to abx
blue-pus infection
pyoverdine (yellow/green under UV
```
91
Legionella pneumophilia
Flu-like symptoms
Legionares disease -
A/C, standing water
92
Helicobacter pylori
cause of gastric ulcer
risk factor for stomach cancer (adenocarcinoma)
Produces urease
93
Campylobacter jejuni
```
Most common cause of bacterial enteritis in the US
NVD bloody
Gillian
RLQ pain
Fecal oral transmission
Shellfish vector
```
94
Vibrio cholerae
mild to severe diarrhea
rice-water stools, 20L
watery diarrhea, vomiting
60% fatal if fluid loss not compensated
95
Vibrio parahemolyticus
Shellfish enteritis
looks like campylobacter but quicker
Explosive diarrhea
96
h. influenzae
acute bacteria meningitis/otitis media
causes epiglottitis in young child
usee chocolate agar
97
H. ducrey
chancroid
painful genital ulcer
painful sores
98
H. vaginalis
fishy odor discharge
live in normal flora - opportunistic
strawberry cervix
99
Bordatella pertussis
whooping cough 3-8 weeks
block cilia > INCREASES MUCOUS SECRETION
can lead to death
100
mycobacterium tuberculosis
airborne droplet inhalation
causes more death than any other bacteria
engulfed by alveolar macrophages
Gohn lesion
cases meningitis
can go to any organ but starts in the lungs
101
M. leprae
| gram +
permanent damage to skin, nerves,
102
Treponema pallisum - Syphilis
| gram -
1st skin lesion genitalia no pain
2nd general rash, fever, flue like symptoms
3rd maybe years later, gumma. Tabias dorsalis where it affects the spinal cord.
103
Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme's disease)
lyme's disease - named for deer mouse
joint pain, rash, weakness
fever, headache, fatigue
104
mycoplasma pneumonia
gram-negative
causes walking pneumonia
1/3 patients develop a rash on the trunk and limbs
sneezing, sore throat, watery eyes, wheezing, vomiting, diarrhea
105
Rickettsia rickettsii
Rocky mountain fever
tick-borne, rodent bite
most common rickettsial disease in the US.
7-day incubation
106
Rickettsia typhi
```
flea-borne
murine typhus
wild rodent reservoir
chest rash to extremities
mild flu
```
107
Chlamydia trachomatis
number 1 cause of preventable blindness
1st STD USA
Silent epidemic
Types A to C - chlamydia conjunctivitis (adults)
Types D-k - chlamydia - genital infection
Painful urination
genital discharge
108
Histoplasma capsulatum
Histoplasmosis
Dimorphic lives as a spore in soil then yeast in humans
Cave/bird borne
Flue like respiratory (inhalation) illness
Endemic in Ohio and Mississippi
Pneumonia similar to TB
109
Coccidioides immitis
```
Valley fever
desert!
Dimorphic lives as a mold in the soil and then revert to a spherule when in tissues
North, central and south America only
Cough, fever, and chest pain
```
110
Blastomyces dermatiditis
(Chicago or Gilchrest's disease
Pulmonary disease after inhalation - ulcerative granulomata of the skin or bone
Found in decomposing materials
111
Candida albicans
we all have a little of it
candidiasis, oral thrush, vaginal infection, cottage cheese
mother to baby
mouth to mouth - kissing
112
ASpergillus
aspergillosis = lung infection
May occur everywhere
fungus ball visualized on x-rays
113
Cryptococcus neoformans
Primary cause of fungal meningitis in AIDS
yeast form only
pigeon carriers (droppings)
114
HHV 1
| alpha
Oral latent in the sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve
115
HHV 2
| alpha
Genitalia
sore lesions on genitals
latent in lumbar/sacral ganglia and aseptic meningitis
116
HHV 3 - varicella
| alpha
Chicken pox/shingles
adult unilateral
very painful
