Immunology

Question 1

The study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

Answer 1

Immunology

Question 2

the condition of being resistant to infection.

Answer 2

Immunity

Question 3

A foreign substance that induces an immune response.

Answer 3

Antigens

Question 4

confers immunity by neutralizing antigens.

Answer 4

Antibodies

Question 5

✓ Composed chiefly of extemal physical barriers to pathogens, especially the skin and mucous membranes.

✓ Components: Skin and the Mucous Membranes of Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive Systems.

Answer 5

First Line of Defense

Question 6

✓ Composed of protective cells, blood, bome chemicals, and processes that inactivate or kill invaders.

✓ Components: Sweat, Acute-phase reactants, Fever, Inflammation, Phagocytosis

Answer 6

Second Line of Defense (Natural Immunity)

Question 7

✓ Composed of cellular and humoral components which are lymphocytes and antibodies.

✓ Specialized Lymphocytes, Antibodies

Answer 7

Third Line of Defense (Adaptive Immunity)

Question 8

Innate Immunity

Answer 8

✓ Natural
✓ Non-specific
✓ Same for all pathogens
✓ No prior exposure required.
✓ Primary defense

Question 9

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 9

✓ Acquired
✓ Specific
✓ Unique for each pathogen
✓ Prior exposure required Secondary defense
✓ Anamnestic: ability to remember a prior exposure

Question 10

✓ Multiple layers of tightly packed cells.
✓ Constitutes a physical barrier to most bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
✓ Contains phagocytic cells called DENDRITIC CELLS.
✓ THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE SKIN, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.
✓ Made up of closely PACKED EPITHELIAL TISSUE.

Answer 10

Epidermis

Question 11

✓ Made up of DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
✓ Contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves and other structures such as hair follicles and sweat glands.
✓ Contains tough fibers of a protein called Collagen
✓ Collagen gives the skin strength and pliability.

Answer 11

Dermis

Question 12

✓ The deeper subcutaneous tissue made up of fat and connective tissue.
✓ Harbors adipose tissue for fat storage and protection.
✓ Primarily functions as fat storage.

Answer 12

Hypodermis

Question 13

Washes microbes from teeth, gums, tongue, and palate.

Answer 13

Saliva

Question 14

Digests or inhibits microorganism

Answer 14

Stomach Acid

Question 15

Inhibitory to most microorganisms

Answer 15

Bile

Question 16

Moves gastrointestinal contents through GI tract

Answer 16

Peristalsis

Question 17

Eliminates microorganisms

Answer 17

Defecation

Question 18

Eliminates microorganisms

Answer 18

Vomiting

Question 19

Urine’s acidity inhibits microorganisms

Answer 19

Urine

Question 20

Cleanses uterus and vagina

Answer 20

Menstrual flow

Question 21

Removes microorganisms from wounds

Answer 21

Blood flow

Question 22

Prevents entrance of many pathogens

Answer 22

Coagulation

Question 23

Binds iron for transport, making it unavailable for microbial use

Answer 23

Transferrin

Question 24

Granulocytes

Answer 24

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

Question 25

Agranulocytes

Answer 25

1. Monocyte-Macrophage 2. Lymphocytes B-cell T-cell

Question 26

✓ Also known as your Polymorphonuclear Neutrophilic (PMN) leukocyte. ✓ Increases on Acute Infection ✓ Immediate and first responder ✓ Capable of Phagocytosis, Diapedesis, and Chemotaxis

Answer 26

Neutrophils

Question 27

✓ Increases in allergic response to PARASITIC INFECTION ✓ Neutralizes basophil and mast cell products killing certain parasites

Answer 27

Eosinophils

Question 28

✓ Functions to induce and maintain immediate hypersensitivity reaction. ✓ Contains Histamine, a vasoactive amine that contracts smooth muscle. ✓ Contains Heparin, an anticoagulant.

Answer 28

Basophils

Question 29

✓ Mononuclear cells ✓ Largest cells in the peripheral blood Migrate to tissues and become your Macrophages ✓ Antigen-presenting cell

Answer 29

Monocytes

Question 30

✓ All macrophages arise from Monocytes ✓ Alveolar Macrophage: Lungs Kuppfer cells: Liver ✓ Microglial cells: Brain Histiocytes: Connective Tissues

Answer 30

Macrophages

Question 31

Purpose of Inflammatory Reactions:

Answer 31

1. Localize Infection 2. Prevent Spread of Microbial Invaders 3. Neutralize Toxins 4. Aid in the Repair of Damaged Tissues

Question 32

a substance that stimulates antibody formation.

Answer 32

Antigen

Question 33

Another term for antigen. Triggers an immune response.

Answer 33

Immunogen

Question 34

SMALL MOLECULES which can only illicit an immune response when attached to a protein carrier.

Answer 34

Hapten

Question 35

A substance distinct from antigen that ehances T-cell activation.

Answer 35

Adjuvant

Question 36

A substance distinct from antigen that ehances T-cell activation.

Answer 36

Adjuvant

Question 37

antigenic determinant. Site where antibody binds.

Answer 37

Epitope

Question 38

CHEMICAL NATURE OF ANTIGENS:

Answer 38

1. Foreignness 2. Degradability 3. Molecular Weight 4. Structural Stability 5. Complexity

Question 39

(Redness)

Answer 39

Rubor

Question 40

(Heat)

Answer 40

Calor

Question 41

(Pain)

Answer 41

Dolor

Question 42

(Swelling)

Answer 42

Tumor

Question 43

(Loss of Function)

Answer 43

Functio laesa

Question 44

If a person's immune system is functioning properly, he or she is said to be immunocompetent person.

Answer 44

IMMUNOSUPPRESSION

Question 45

Can be defined as a normal but EXAGGERATED or UNCONTROLLED IMMUNE response to an antigen that can produce inflammation, cell destruction or tissue injury.

Answer 45

HYPERSENSITIVITY

Question 46

describes an immunologic reaction dependent on the host's response to a subsequent exposure of antigen.

Answer 46

Immunization or Sensitization,

Question 47

any altered reaction to external substances

Answer 47

Allergy

Question 48

immediate hypersensitivity mediated by IgE antibodies.

Answer 48

Atopy

Question 49

Results when a person's immune system no longer recognizes certain body tissues as self and attempts to destroy those tissues as if they were non-self or foreign.

Answer 49

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

Question 50

Acquired: May be caused by drugs, irradiation, or certain infectious disease. Inherited: can be a result of deficiencies in antibody production, complement activity or phagocytic function.

Answer 50

IMMUNODEFICIENCIES

Question 51

A chronic, usually progressive, inflammatory disorder of the joints, ranging from mild illness to a progressive, destructive polyarthritis associated with a systemic vasculitis.

Answer 51

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Question 52

Caused by a spirochete, Treponema pallidum, usually transmitted in humans by sexual contact.

Answer 52

Syphilis

Question 53

Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Streptococcal infections can result into post-streptococcal sequelae such as Glomerulonephritis

Answer 53

Streptococcal Infections