Immunology Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Macrophages remove things from where in the lungs?
A
Alveoli
2
Q
What is the Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD)?
A
CD18
3
Q
What stimulates CD4 cells (T-helper)
A
MHC II
4
Q
What do NK cells make
A
interferon gamma
5
Q
What prevents thrombus formation on the endothelial cells
A
thrombomodulin
6
Q
How is the classical complement pathway mediated
A
Antibody - C1
7
Q
How is the alternative complement pathway mediated
A
Antigen - C3
8
Q
How is the lectin complement pathway mediated
A
Mannose - mannose binding lectin –> C4
9
Q
What does TLR4 recognize
A
LPS (gram -)
10
Q
What is a RBC abnormality seen with IMHA
A
spherocytes
11
Q
How do cytotoxic T cells (CD8) kill cells
A
secrete perforins and puts pore into the cell to allow granzymes to be released and activate caspases leading to proteolytic cellular destruction
12
Q
What does apoptosis do
A
causes degradation of the cell cytoplasm
13
Q
What is a type IV hypersensitivity
A
Cell mediated (T-cell) - delayed
14
Q
What is type I hypersensitivity
A
IgE mediated - anaphylaxis
15
Q
What is type II hypersensitivity
A
IgM and IgG autoimmune (transfusion)
16
Q
What is type III hypersensitivity
A
AbAg complexes (glomerulonephritis, SLE)
17
Q
What does bradykinin do
A
vasodilation - part of local inflammation with damaged tissues
18
Q
What is a Treg marker
A
CD25
19
Q
What increases eosinophils
A
Th2 (IL-5)
20
Q
What causes M2 increase
A
virus
21
Q
What marker can distinguish between acute leukemia and LSA
A
CD34
22
Q
What are B cell markers
A
CD20, CD21, and CD79
23
Q
What immune cell does FIV replicate in
A
macrophages
24
Q
The loss of what causes lymphophenia in cats with FIV/FeLV
A
CD4 (T helper)
25
What is a major acute phase protein in cats
serum amyloid a
26
What immunoglobulin in the upper respiratory mucosa gets rid of antigens
IgA
27
What is the mechanism of action of leflunomide
DHODH (dihydroorotate dehydrogenase) inhibitor - inhibits production of T regulatory cells
Side effect: GI
28
Where do cytokines act
Local and systemically
29
What leukocyte adhesion deficiency do dogs and cows get
CD18
30
What do NK cells produce
IFN gamma - stimulate macrophage proliferation
31
what is Type IV hypersensitivity mediated by
T-cell
32
What increases eosinophils
Th2 - IL-5
33
how do cytotoxic T-cells kill other cells
creates perforins and granzymes interact with caspases to cause apoptosis
34
What does apoptosis cause
degradation of the cell cytoskeleton
35
What destroys tumor cells if lacking MHC I
NK and cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
36
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is IMHA
II
37
B-cell markers
CD20, CD21, CD79
38
How do you differentiate between ALL and LSA
CD34
39
What cell type is lost causes lymphopenia in cat with FIV
CD4
40
How does the upper respiratory mucosa get ride of antigens
IgA
41
Where does FIV replicate
macrophages
42
What is the MOA leflunomide
inhibits pyrimidine and inhibits production of Treg cells
43
How to reduce drug resistance
pick a narrow spectrum after C/S
44
Most common AE with apoquel
GI - diarrhea
45
Major acute phase protein in cats
serum amyloid A
46
What is the function of MHC II molecules
present antigen to APC and then present to T helper cels
47
What do NK cells produce
IFN gamma
48
What is a type II immune response caused by
helminth infection
49
What immune cells are associated with eosinophils
Th2 and IL-5
50
What is the only cell type that expresses CD25
T cells and T reg (IL-2)
51
What is the most antigenic blood type
DEA 1.1
52
Where does IgA work
mucosal
53
What is IgE associated with
anaphylaxis (histamine)
54
What is IgG associated wtih
majority of long term antibody based immunity against invading pathogens
55
What is IgM
first responder and more potent for complement compared to IgG
56
What CD binds lipoproteins
CD36
57
What does IL-2 do to T-cells
activated T helper cells
58
What are the arachidonic acid break down and which is most potent
leukotriene and PG --> leukotriene B4
59
What is nucleotide substitution of introns rather than exons
selective advantage
60
What will happen if there is a mutation that increases TLR4 receptor sensitivity and increases NFKB moving to nucleus and increasing cytokine production
Will decrease susceptibility to G-bacteria and decrease chance of sepsis
61
What are pyrogens
IL-1, IL-6, and TNF alpha
62
What are CpG and LPS
PAMPs
63
What causes PMN (polymorphonuclear neutrophils)
respiratory (oxidative) burst) and activity of NADPH
64
What on the endothelium binds neutrophils (PMN)
p-selectin
65
Which PMN marker is responsible for phagocytosing bacteria
CD32
66
Leukocyte extravasation occurs with the help of what to allow rolling along the endothelium
selectins
67
What cytokines cause macrophages to become M2
IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10
68
Endothelial cells produce what to cause WBC adhesion
integrins
69
PMN adhesion and rolling
IL-1, TNF, IL-8 causes endothelial expression of selectins and ICAMS --> bind via CD11/CD18
70
NADPH oxidase is
important in PMN killing mechanism
71
What is formed from cytokine IL-4
T-helper2 and M2
72
Basophils contain what and activate what type of reaction
granules similar to mast cells and type 1
73
what are granules in neutrophils
primary - myeloperoxidase, BPI, defensins, cathepsins, lysozyme
secondary - lactoferrin, collagenase, lysozyme
74
Classical complement pathway
Antibody/antigen --> IgM or lots of IgG
C1-->C2-->C4-->C3-->C3b-->C5b-->C6-C9
Membrane attack complex C5b-C9
75
What does C3a and C5a do
improve chemotaxis
76
What factors inhibit C3b
C1 inhibitor, C4 binding protein, plasma protease factors I and H
77
What is complement cascade factor 1
protease that degrades C3b
78
which MHC is at CD4
MHC II
79
Which MHC is at CD8
MHC I
80
Where does NK cells mature
bone marrow
81
What are secreted by T regulatory cells
IL-10 and TGFB
82
What are T regulatory cells positive for
CD34, CD25, and Foxp3
83
How do you differentiate between ALL and LSA
CD4, CD34, and CD18
84
What activated eosinophils
Th2 -- IL-5
type 1 hypersen - allergic - histamine
85
What is the TH10 regulatory cytokine
IL-10
86
What immunoglobulin is more common in IMHA
IgG (extravascular)
IgM (intravascular)
87
What is the most common immunoglobulin in circulation
IgG
88
IgA functions
mucosal
does not induce complement, not a pentamer, and is secreted in milk
89
What interleukin is important for class switching Abs
IL-4 (IgG and IgE)
IL-5 IgA
90
What is B cell tolerance
receptor editing in bone marrow, anergy in periphrey if it recognizes self antigen without TH assistance
91
B cell markers
CD79 and CD21
92
what interleukin stimulates IgE production from B cells
IL-5
93
How do you diagnose food allergy
Saliva IgA, serum IgE/IgA, hydrolyzed diet trial
94
What mediates mast cells in Type 1 hypersen
IgE
95
What mediated eosinophils in Type 4 hypersen
Th2 effector T cells, IL-5 and eotaxin
96
What cells play an important role in type IV hypersen
T-cells
97
What type of hypersen is hemolysis following a blood transfusion
type II
98
complement fixation is necessary step for what
intravascular hemolysis
99
snake bite hypersen causing glomerulonephritis is what type of reaction
type III
100
What are mechanisms of autoimmunity
super antigens, activation of anergic t-cells, molecular mimicry, exposure of immune-privileged sites, failure of tolerance mechanisms, and hapten presentation
101
What do live vaccines use
MHC 1
102
What do killed vaccines use
MHC 2
103
What breed is seen with X-linked SCID and what is the abnormality
basset and corgi
Deficiency in IL-2 or IL-2 receptors
104
What CD is associated with CLAD
CD18
105
6 month irish setter with neutrophilia - CLAD
integrin CD11b.18 is affected in disease
106
What does lupus look like on histopathology
apoptotic keratinocytes on basal layer
107
What constitutes a lupus erythematous cell?
neutrophil that phagocytized nuclear material
108
pemphigus foliaceous lesions - head and ears which can progress to generalized and foot pad changes
antibodies against desmogelin 1
109
What do you see on IMHA RBC cytology
spherocytes and reticulocytes
110
Oclacitinib (apoquel) SE
diarrhea
111
MOA leflunomide
inhibits lymphocyte reproduction by inhibiting DHODH --> inhibits rUMP --> inhibtis DNA/RNA synthesis
Pyrimidine analog
112
MOA azathiprine
purine analog
113
MOA cyclosporine
binds cyclophilin of Tcells --> inhibits calcineurin --> decreases NF-AT binding and action --> decreased IL-2 production and T cell activation
114
MOA pentoxyfylline
phosphodiesterase inhibitor - helps with wound healing
can decrease PLT aggregation
115
MOA Rapamycin
Macrocyclic ABX similar to tacrolimus
116
What blocks mTOR
protein kinase involved in gene translation regulation in response to growth factors, cytokines
117
What is a type of rapacmycin that targets mTOR
sirolimus
