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Respiratory Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What is functional capacity

A

residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

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2
Q

What is vital capacity

A

Maximum amount of air that can be taken in (inspiratory reserve + tidal vol. + expiratory reserve)

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3
Q

What is total lung capacity

A

vital capacity + residual volume

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4
Q

What is tidal volume

A

amount of air inspired and expired with a normal breath

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5
Q

What increases O2 affinity to hemoglobin (left shift of O2/HB dissociation curve)b

A

Decreased temp, decreased CO2, alkalosis (high pH), decreased DPG, methemoglobinemia, carbon monoxide toxicity, fetal hemoglobin

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6
Q

What decreases O2 affinity to hemoglobin (right shift of O2/Hb dissociation curve)

A

Increased temp, increased CO2, acidosis (low pH), increased 2,3 DPG, hypoxia, anemia, sickle cell

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7
Q

How is carbonic anhydrase converted into carbonic acid

A

Dissolve CO2 or bicarbonate + H ion (most CO2 is carried in blood as bicarbonate)

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8
Q

Where are J receptors located and when are they stimulated

A

Located in the alveolar wall and stimulated when capillaries are filled with blood or pulmonary edema occurs)

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9
Q

Low oxygen in alveoli leads to what in the tissue immediately adjacent to them

A

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells)

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10
Q

Bradykinin is degraded where

A

Lungs

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11
Q

What receptors are affected by epinephrine to cause bronchodilation

A

B2

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12
Q

Alveolar gas exchange is directly proportional to what

A

surface area of alveoli

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13
Q

What is the major site of airway resistance

A

medium sized bronchi

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14
Q

Where is the respiratory centers located in the brain

A

Pons and medulla

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15
Q

What area of the lung normally has high V/Q ratio

A

Dorsal (high oxygenation and low perfusion)

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16
Q

What areas of the lung normally has low V/Q ratio

A

Ventral (low oxygenation and high perfusion due to gravity)

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17
Q

What is a normal V/Q ratio

A

0.8-1

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of hypoxemia

A

V/Q mismatch

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19
Q

What is the most common V/Q mismatch

A

PTE

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20
Q

What is surfactant made by

A

Type II pneumocytes

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21
Q

What has no ventilation and high perfusion

A

Shunt

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22
Q

What has high ventilation and no perfusion

A

anatomic dead space

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23
Q

What are causes of hypoexmia

A

Decreased O2 concertation, VQ mismatch, anatomic shunting (PDA), diffusion impairment, hypoventilation

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24
Q

Are shunts responsive to oxygen therapy

A

No - another one is cyanide

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25
What happens with carbon monoxide poisoning
CO binds Hb with greater affinity than O2 so there is decreased O2 carrying capacity
26
What causes cyanosis
anoxia
27
What can bronchiectasis lead to
increased mucous, infection, inflammation leading to dilation of lower airways, irreversible change, inflammatory cells produce cytokines and proteolytic enzymes to destroy bronchi structures
28
What medication is used to treat asthma
fluticazone
29
What is the most specific diagnostic test for asthma
response to terbutaline
30
What is recommend to prevent nasal polyps
Bulla osteotomy
31
What WBC removes foreign material in the pulmonary alveoli
Macrophages
32
What is the function of surfactant
Reduce surface tension and increase compliance of the alveoli
33
What happens to adjacent alveoli when the oxygen concentration decreases
vasoconstriction of capillaries and movement of blood to other parts of the lung
34
What is functional residual capacity
Volumes of lungs after normal expiration (expiratory reserve + residual volume)
35
In hypoxia what will not respond to O2 therapy
Anemia, shunt, etc
36
What has the highest VQ mismatch
PTE
37
In chylous effusion what do you compare it to
triglyceride levels (fluid should be higher than serum triglycerides)
38
What is the physiological response to metabolic alkalosis
Hypoventilation
39
What causes a right shift in the O2-Hb curve
Increased PCO2, acidosis (decreased pH), increased temp, increased DPG
40
What part of the airways has the highest resistance
medium sized bronchi
41
What happens in the lungs during hypoxia
vasoconstriction
42
What does hypoventilation compensate for
metabolic alkalosis (hypoventilation increased PCO2)
43
What are 5 causes of hypoxemia
Low oxygenation, alveolar hypoventilation, VQ mismatch, right to left shunt (PDA), and diffusion impairment
44
What conditions are least likely to respond to oxygen therapy
hypoventilation and right to left shunt (PDA)
45
What is the most common community acquired pneumonia in cats
Pasturella?
46
What is the most specific test for feline asthma
>25% eosinophils BALF*** vs. drug test?
47
What is functional residual capacity
expiratory reserve + residual volume
48
Which respiratory parasite can be diagnosed with a Baerman
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (feline lungworm)
49
What is the treatment for canine lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis
treat underlying or secondary infections (azithrymycin, clinda, doxy), antihistamines, steroids, +/- cyclosporine or other immunosuppressive drugs
50
MOA of theophylline
PDE inhibitor --> inhibits cAMP (bronchodilator)
51
MOA aminophylline
Salt of theophylline - converted to theophylline after ingestion
52
What is the metabolism of theophylline and aminophylline
extensive liver metabolism vs. cP450
53
What drugs interact with theophylline/aminophylline
fluoroquinolones (increases), cimetidine (increases), erythromycin (increases), propranolol (increases), phenobarbital (decreases)
54
Where is bradykinin degraded
lungs by ACE (B2?)
55
What is capillaria aerophilia
Canine and feline large airway epithelium parasite - related to trichuris vulpis and detected via fecal float and treated with fenbendazole
56
What is oslerus osleri
distal trachea and proximal bronchi airway parasite, causes granulomas and can lead to pneumothorax, diagnose via Zn sulfate, and treat with fenbendazole and ivermectin
57
What is aleurostrongylus abstrusus
feline lung worm that cuases diffuse interstitial nodular or peribronchial pattern seen in the south US and dx via Baermann and treated with fenbendazole and selamectin
58
What is Paragonimus kellicoti
lung fluke in dog and cats causes bullae and cysts in pulmonary parenchyma. Seen on fecal sediment and treat with fenbendazole and praziquantel
59
What is Crenosoma vulpis
Seen in dogs only in the NE US with lower respiratory signs seen on Baermann and Zn Sulfate treat with fenbendazole and ivermectin
60
What is filaroides hirthi
nematode seen in the alveolar spaces causes a diffuse bronchial pattern dx via Zn sulfate and tx with fenbendazole and ivermectin
61
What is eucoleous bohemi
tracheal and brochial mucosa, fecal > baermann - seen in cats and dogs world wide
62
What is pneumocystis carinii
fungus that causes interstitial pneumonia seen in dachshunds and CKCS
63
Treatment for tension pneumothorax
immediate evacuation of air from chest cavity followed by chest tube placement and then surgery
64
What segment of the airways has the least resistance
alveoli
65
What happens to CO2 in chronic bronchitis
Mild to moderate hypoxemia with no changes to CO2
66
MOA of albuterol
Beta2 adrenergic agonist causes bronchodilation of the smooth muscles - high doses can lead to hypokalemia and secondary hyperglycemia
67
MOA terbutaline
Beta2 adrenergic agonist
68
What is the normal AA gradient
<12 mmHg
69
What causes hypoventilation
decrease in PO2 and alkalosis
70
Causes of hypoxia
decreased cardiac output, decreased PaO2, anemia (decreased Hb), CO poisoning, cyanide poisoning
71
What is the major form of CO2 in the blood
HCO3
72
What is the haldane effect
Oxygenation of the blood in the lungs displaces a small amount of CO2 from Hb
73
What is the Bohr effect
Increases in PCO2 or decreases in pH will shift curve to the right and facilitate unloading of O2
74
Which respiratory conditions are not oxygen responsive
right to left shunt (PDA) and hypoventilation from airway obstruction
75
What is inspiratory reserve volume
additional amount of air that can be inhaled after normal inhalation
76
What antibody will help remove pathogens in the upper airway
IgA
77
10yr pitbull with exercise intolerance and heart murmur
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
78
What is the best test for lower dynamic airway collapse
Fluroscopy (other options CT, rads)
79
What bacteria in pleural effusion is a partial acid fast gram negative
Nocardia
80
What is a cause of a gram negative bacteria in a cat with pyothorax
pasteurella
81
How do you diagnose Aerostrongylus
Baermann
82
If alveolar O2 concentrations drop <70mmHg what happens
capillaries constrict and blood shunts to other areas)
83
What would be least responsive O2 treatment
cyanide poisoning
84
What is compensation for metabolic acidosis
hyperventilation
85
What happens to foreign material in the alveoli
options: cough, mucociliary clearance, macrophages, IgE
86
What do you compare in chylous effusion
triglycerides in effusion and serum
87
Function of surfactant
reduce surface tension and increase compliance
88
What happens to adjacent alveoli when the oxygen concentration decreases
vasoconstriction (capillaries) and movement of blood to other parts of the lung
89
What has the highest VQ mismatch
PTE
90
What labwork do you compare chylous effusion to
TG (fluid should be higher than serum)

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