Immunology

Question 0

Allergic inflammation is characterised by infiltration of…

Answer 0

Eosinophils
Mast cells
Basophils
Th2 lymphs

Question 1

Define hypersensitivity

Answer 1

Harmful immune response to an inherently harmless environmental antigen.

Question 2

Define atopy

Answer 2

Predisposition to mount IgE responses to common environmental allergens and develop allergic reactions

Question 3

Define allergen

Answer 3

Common environmental non-pathogenic Ag that triggers an IgE mediated allergic response

Question 4

Tenets of immunity

Answer 4

Specificity
Diversity
Memory
(Tolerance)

Question 5

Two types of epitope

Answer 5

T cell epitope - linear amino acids (internal)

Antibody epitope - conformational shape recognized (external)

Question 6

Four stages of HIV infection

Answer 6

HIV transmission
HIV dissemination
Control of viraemia
Seroconversion

Question 7

Strategies for immune reconstitution

Answer 7

Replace/ induce deficient cytokines
ARVs
Reduce acute and chronic immune activation
Vaccination

Question 8

What 3 layers of defense would the ideal vaccine to HIV induce

Answer 8

Mucosal - neutralizing Abs
Memory T cells at mucosa
Memory T cells in circulation

Question 9

To types of HIV vaccine

Answer 9

Preventative/prophylactic (reduce rate or load)

Therapeutic (help IS fight back)

Question 10

Methods to assess allergic phenotype in animal

Answer 10

Lung pathology (mucus PAS stain)
Cytokines response (ELISA, FACS)
Airway hyper responsiveness (WBP, FlexiVent)
Antibody response (ELISA)

Question 11

Factors to induce Th2

Answer 11

TSLD
IL-4
IL-33
IL-25
Ag presentation

Question 12

Outcome of Th2 response

Answer 12

Alt activated macs
Eosinophilia 
Mucous
SM constriction
Vascular leakage

Question 13

Key factors in Th1

Answer 13

INFy

IL-12

Question 14

Key factors in th2 response

Answer 14

IL-4

IL-2

Question 15

Fx of Abs

Answer 15

Neutralization
Opsonisation
Complement

Question 16

3 pathways of Ab development

Answer 16

T cell independent (IgM, IgA)
Extra follicular
Germinal centre

Question 17

Attachment needed in CTL killing

Answer 17

LFA-1 to ICAM-1 X2

Question 18

Killing machinery of Mac

Answer 18

Phagosome (NADPH - ROS)

Lysosome (lysosyme, acid hydrolases, defensins)

Question 19

Process of immunity in HIV

Answer 19

• acute phase reactants
• onset of cytokines
• Antibody-virus immune complexes
• cd8 T cell responses to original virus
• free gp41-specific non-neutralizing IgM antibody
• virus escape from cd8 T cells
• autologous virus-specific neutralizing antibody
• virus escape from autologous virus specific neutralizing antibody

Question 20

Consequences of immune activation in HIV infection

Answer 20

• lymph node fibrosis
• T cell exhaustion
• local inflammation driven by monocyte activation

Question 21

Important immune components of breast milk

Answer 21

• cytokines/ chemokines
• soluble receptors/ antagonists
• antibodies
• lysozyme
• lactoferrin
• neutrophils
• t and b lymphocytes

Question 22

Effects of maternal antibody on responses to vaccination

Answer 22

• can limit in vivo replication
• can mask B cell epitopes
• allow generation and maturation of memory B cells
• do not inhibit T cell responses

Question 23

Examples of factors that may suppress the newborn

Answer 23

• th2 biased responses
• t regs
• b regs
• myeloid derived suppressor cells

Question 24

Functions of the immune system

Answer 24

- immunological recognition - generate an immune effector function - immune regulation - immunological memory

Question 25

Purpose of ILCs

Answer 25

Primary border patrol at mucosal surfaces sensing changes in the microenvironment

Question 26

TLR 1

Answer 26

Triacyl lipoproteins

Question 27

TLR 2

Answer 27

Peptidoglycan

Question 28

TLR 3

Answer 28

Viral dsRNA

Question 29

TLR 4

Answer 29

Heat shock proteins

Question 30

TLR 5

Answer 30

Flagellin

Question 31

TLR 6

Answer 31

Triacyl lipoproteins

Question 32

TLR 7/8

Answer 32

Viral ssRNA

Question 33

TLR 9

Answer 33

Bacterial and viral DNA

Question 34

Tlr 11

Answer 34

Profilin

Question 35

Purpose of tlrs

Answer 35

Activate innate immune cells

Question 36

Why are dcs the most efficient APCs for initiating an immune response?

Answer 36

- location - receptors for capturing and reacting to microbes - migration to T cell zones of lymphoid organs

Question 37

Pathway of ingested antigens

Answer 37

- digestion of protein to generate peptides - endo some/ lysosomes - peptide presented by class 2 MHC - recognized by cd4 T cell

Question 38

Pathway of endogenously synthesised antigens

Answer 38

Degraded in cytoplasm - binding to class 1 MHC in ER - peptide presented by class 1 MHC - recognized by cd8 T cell

Question 39

Functions of APCs

Answer 39

- capture antigens and take them to the correct place - display antigen in a form recognized by specific lymphocyte - provide second signals for T activation

Question 40

Role of co stimulators

Answer 40

- activation of naive T cells - ensures T cells respond to microbes and not harmless antigens - targets for therapeutic blockade of T cell responses

Question 41

Define an allergen

Answer 41

An antigen that can stimulate an IgE mediated allergic reaction

Question 42

Principal characteristics of asthma

Answer 42

- reversible airflow obstruction - hyper responsiveness of the lungs to challenge with smooth muscle agonists - chronic airway inflammation

Question 43

Results of mast cell activation and granule release

Answer 43

- increased fluid secretion and peristalsis in GIT - decreased diameter and increased mucus production in airway - increased blood flow and permeability

Question 44

Mediators of immediate phase of allergy

Answer 44

Histamine Leukotrienes Prostaglandins

Question 45

Mediators of late phase of allergy

Answer 45

Th2 cytokines Leukotrienes Prostaglandins

Question 46

How to assess allergic phenotype

Answer 46

- lung pathology (histology) - cytokine response (Elisa, FACS) - antibody response (Elisa) - airway hyperresponsiveness (lung function)

Question 47

Parameters for the flexivent system

Answer 47

Resistance (lung constriction) Elastance (elastic rigidity) Compliance