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Dynamic cell > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary goal of inflammation?

A

Bring phagocytes to the affected area

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2
Q

What do mast cells produce?

A

Histamine

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3
Q

What are the 2 main effects of histamine?

A

Increase capillary permeability
Vasodilation

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4
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Oxygen related killing
– ROS, NADPH oxidase
Express toll like receptors
Undergo apoptosis

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5
Q

What is characteristic about neutrophils?

A

The multi-lobed nucleus

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6
Q

What are the resident phagocytes called?

A

Macrophages/monocytes

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7
Q

What kind of cells carry out nitrogen related killing?

A

Macrophages/Monocytes

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8
Q

What kind of immunity blood cell have a high turnover?

A

Neutrophils

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8
Q

What are NK cells?

A

Lymphocyte-like
– No immunological memory
Very aggressive WBCs
– 5-15% total lymphocyte
population

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9
Q

How long do macrophages and monocytes last?

A

Weeks

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10
Q

How do NK cells work?

A

Kill via release of perforins
– Pores form in cell membranes
– Results in cell lysis

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10
Q

What do NK cells require to function?

A

Cell to cell contact

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11
Q

What are toll-like receptors?

A

TLRs are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) found on immune cells like macrophages and dendritic cells.

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12
Q

Give 3 examples of what TLRs produce?

A

LPS (lipopolysaccharide) from gram-negative bacterial outer membrane
Peptidoglycan from gram-positive bacterial cell walls
Viral RNA or DNA from viral infections

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13
Q

What 3 things do TLRs result in the production of?

A

Proteins required for cell signalling/activation
Interferons
Proinflammatory cytokines e.g. TNF, IL-1

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14
Q

How does the immune system know where to go? What 2 molecules?

A

Cytokines
Chemokines

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small proteins (<25kDa) that regulate cell movement and signaling.

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17
Q

What does the name ‘cytokine’ mean?

A

It means ‘cell movement.’

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18
Q

What are the three modes of cytokine action?

A

Autocrine, paracrine (chemotactic), and endocrine (pyrogenic).

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19
Q

Which types of cells produce cytokines?

A

A wide range, including immune cells (e.g. macrophages) and connective tissue (e.g. epithelial cells).

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20
Q

Can cytokines be both pro- and anti-inflammatory?

A

Yes, they can have both effects.

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21
Q

What are chemokines?

A

A subset of cytokines with chemotactic functions — over 100 identified.

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22
Q

How many main families of chemokines are there?

A

Two large families.

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23
What type of receptors do chemokines use?
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with 7 transmembrane domains (7 TMD).
24
Do chemokines have strict receptor specificity?
No, most chemokines interact with multiple receptors, and most receptors respond to multiple chemokines.
25
Which chemokine specifically attracts neutrophils?
IL-8.
26
What does an interferon do?
Interferes with viral replication * Enhances phagocyte activity of macrophages * Stimulates production of antibodies * Enhances the killing power of NK cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes * Slows cell division and tumour growth
27
What are the 3 pathways of activation of the complement system?
Classical Alternative Lectin All of them converge on the terminal pathway of membrane attack complex formation and cell lysis classical (antibodies), alternative (presence of foreign bodies) or lectin (bacterial sugars)
28
What does the MAC do?
Membrane attack complex - punches holes into the surface of the pathogen or infected cell and essentially causes it to rupture
29
What is the difference between cytokines and chemokines?
Chemokines are a specific subset of cytokines, which are involved in the recruitment of cells to the site of infection or inflammation. Cytokines induce signalling within cells and tend to activate or inactivate components of the immune system, rather than direct cell movement
30
State the difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity
Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B cells, primarily targeting extracellular pathogens and toxins. Cell-mediated immunity, on the other hand, utilizes T cells to directly attack infected cells, like those harboring viruses or cancer cell
31
State the 2 methods of adaptive immunity
Humoral Cell-mediated
32
Where do B-lymphocytes develop and mature?
In bone marrow
33
what are the stem cells in the bone marrow called
haematopoietic stem cells
34
What cells produce antibodies?
B-lymphocytes
35
What are the 6 functions of antibodies?
1. Opsonisation 2. Agglutination/phagocytosis 3. Innate immune cell recruitment 4. Neutralisation 5. T-lymphocyte recruitment 6. Activation of complement system
36
what do haematopoietic stem cells differentiate into
myeloid progenitor and lymphoid progenitor
37
Define passive immunity
Introduction of antibodies from an immune donor – a temporary stop-gap
38
what cell types are formed from myeloid progenitors
erythrocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, macrophages and monocytes, mast cells, dendritic cells, platelets
39
Define active immunity
Introduction of dead/modified antigen * Secondary response is harder and faster
40
Where are T-lymphocytes made and matured?
Made in bone marrow, matured in thymus
41
what cell types are formed from lymphoid progenitors
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells
42
What are the 2 main classes of T-lymphocytes?
CD4+ Helper cells CD8+ Cytotoxic cells
43
what are the primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow and thymus
44
what are the secondary lymphoid organs
spleen, lymph nodes and mucosal associated lymphoidal tissue (MALT)
45
what is the currently accepted model for why an immune response is triggered
danger model
46
What do CD4+ helper cells do?
They have receptors that identify a unique combination of MHC2 and peptide * Activated CD4+s clone to helper and memory T cells * Raise the alarm via cytokines
47
What do CD8 cytotoxic cells do?
Cytotoxic cells can bind to MHC1 and peptide * CD8s release enzymes that punch holes in disease cells – Perforin – Granzymes * Triggers apoptosis killing cell and pathogen inside
48
what is the compliment system used for
rupture of pathogens or infected cells by membrane attack complex formation (MAC) also involved in the production of opsonins and chemoattractants which enhance phagocytic activity
49
What happens in HIV/AIDs?
Virus invades CD4 cells – reduces numbers
50
compare and contrast macrophages and neutrophils
neutrophils are recruited from the blood whereas macrophages are resident in the tissues and their precursors (monocytes) were recruited from the blood. neutrophils use reactive oxygen species to kill pathogens and macrophages use nitrogen species. neutrophils have a high turnover rate because they are themselves damaged by ROS, conversely macrophages have a low turnover rate. They both are phagocytic, develop from myeloid progenitors and are used in the innate response. They both express toll like receptors which bind to pathogens
51
do natural killer cells have immunological memory and which type of response are they used in
no immunological memory. used in innate immune response
52
what do natural killer cells target and how
virally infected cells and cancer cells. cause perforation and lysis by producing perforin
53
what are the three ways the complement system is activated
classical (antibodies bind to epitopes of antigens), alternative (stimulated by foreign surfaces). lectin (stimulated by bacterial sugars)
54
what are the three types of t lymphocyte
regulatory, cd8 cytotoxic, cd4 helper
55
what is the humoral response
soluble response rather than cellular. includes antibody production and compliment system
56
what is immuno-competence
during maturation B and T cells are removed if they are more likely to bind to self proteins
57
what are three antibody functions
neutralisation- when bound to antibodies, pathogens are too large to enter healthy cells. opsonisation- makes the pathogen more attractive to phagocytes as antibodies mark them for removal. agglutination-to form aggregates of cells, antigens and antibodies which will be targeted by phagocytes
58
what are the two types of mhc proteins
mhc class 1 which presents proteins made inside the cell (either self proteins or viral proteins). these are endogenous proteins. mhc class 2 which presents proteins not made inside the cell such as with antigen presenting cells. these are exogenous proteins.
59
what do helper cd4 t cells do
they cannot kill the pathogen themselves and their key role is in regulation. they release cytokines to attract immune cells to the site of infection when they come into contact with antigens. they also activate cd8 cytotoxic t cells by releasing cytokines. they also activate b cells by releasing cytokines, once they have bound to an antigen, to stimulate the production of antibodies (so that self antibodies are not made). they also form memory cells and can differentiate into regulatory t cells.
60
what do regulatory t cells do
turn off immune response by releasing inhibitory cytokines. this prevents damage to body cells and autoimmune disease.
61
how does HIV weaken the immune system
targets helper cd4 t cells. this leads to weakened cd8 t cell and b cell response, less immunological memory and less regulatory t cells produced.

Dynamic cell (11 decks)

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