Immunology 2 W2 Flashcards
(46 cards)
immune response of 1st contact of innante immunity
good (+)
immune response of 2nd contact of innante immunity
the same
good (+)
immune response of 1st contact of adaptiveimmunity
good (+)
immune response of 2nd contact of adaptive immunity
greater (+++)
what is a neutrophil granulocyte
moat common lwukocyte in bloood, enriched in acute inflamed tissue
short life span of 5 days
multiplw segmented nucleus
lots of granula
what are macrophages
long life span of years
type of white blood cell that are part of the innate immune response and are responsible for detecting, engulfing, and destroying pathogens, dead cells, and cellular debris through a process called phagocytosis
in tissues and organs
used to fight against bacteria, viruses andn protozoa
TH1 and TH2 differntiation
An antigen presenting cell identifies and presents toxins or an infection to a TH0
The TH0 decides what to do with it
If there is IL-2, IFN-Y and TNF-a cytokines present then it will become TH1
If there is IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 cytokines then it will become TH2
TH1 cytokine: Interferon-y
-A cytokine
-Provides protection against diseases by acting directly on target cells or through activation of the host immune system
-Can educate immune cells to recognise and destroy pathogens
-Has an anti-viral function
TH1 cytokine : TNF
Tumour necrosis factor
Helps elimination of interest cellular bacteria
Helps maturation and migration of dendritic cells
Created by inflammatory cells
TH2 cytokine : IL-4
Is a marker cytokine
For the activation and growth of B cells
Essential for IgE and TH2 development
TH2 cytokine : IL-5
Help B cell differentiation and IgA synthesis
TH2 cytokine : IL-10
Is a regulatory cytokine
Is an inhibitor of macrophage function?
Mechanisms of T cell mediated cytotoxicity
If a cytotoxic cell binds with an infected T cell through the FAS receptors then it will undergo clean apoptosis when the FAS is activated
If a cytotoxic cell binds with an infected T cell and perforin granzyme is released I have the enzymes make holes and the cell bursts which is messy.
FAS = kill itself - cleanee
Granzyme = bursts - messy
Five classes of antibody
IgM
IgA - saliva,breast milke
IgD - always stuck to B cells
IgG - most in blood
IgE - allergic reactions
Antibody structure
A Y shape
Has a light chain and a heavy chain X2
An anti-binding site which interacts with the antigen
Has an FC region which is only heavy
Has a tail
The top end of the Y is the variable region
And the bottom end of the Y is the conserved region
It has disulphide bonds between the light and heavy chains as well as between heavy and heavy
What is the variable region made of?
V gene segment
Diversity gene segment (D)
Joining gene segment (J)
How many segments does each chain have?
Times together the V, D and J gene segments
Where did immunoglobin get most of their diversity?
Heavy chain and light chain get most of their diversity from the number of V gene segments
Heavy chain gets some diversity from D gene segments
Heavy chain and light chain get a mild amount of diversity from J
Where do T cell receptors get most of their diversity?
A and B chains get most of their diversity from the V gene segments and J gene segments
D. Gene segments do not contribute
VDJ recombination
Variable-diversity-joining rearrangement
Is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation?
Results in the highly diverse repertoire of antibodies/immunoglobulins and T cell receptors found in B cells and T cells
The process is a defining feature of the adaptive immune system
V(45) D(23) J(6)
-123456789- -123456789- -123456789-
The D-J join
-12346789- -12345656-
The V-DJ join
- 123656-
Transcription
-123656-
RNA processing
-365-
This contains one of each gene segment (VDJ) to make the variable region of an antibody
Antibodies changing structures (3)
Affinity maturation - somatic mutations in the variable region (top of the Y)
- Increases affinity of antigen recognition
- No change on effector functions
Switch from membrane to secreted form - Cleve off membrane and released into the blood
- No change in antigen recognition
- Change from Bcell receptor function to effector function
Isotope switching - change isotope
- No change in antigen recognition
- Each isotope serves a different set of effector functions
What actually are immunoglobins
proteins produced by B cells in response to the presence of antigens.
identifying, binding to, and neutralizing pathogens or harmful molecules.
Immunoglobulins have a Y-shaped structure consisting of: Two heavy chains and two light chains held together by disulfide bonds.
Variable regions are specific to a particular antigen. This is where antigen binding occurs.
Constant regions determine the class or type of immunoglobulin.
There are five types and each target a specific antigen type
D,E and G all use a single Y chain
A Uses a double Y chain called a dimer
M is a combination of five Y chains called a pentamer
IgA
Two types
Not typically in the blood, but in saliva and milk
Innate
Fight Pathogens
IgD
Monomer
Role in B cell activation
Found on the surface of mature B cells
Least well-known
Role in activation of mast cells to attack invading microbes
