immunology

Question 1

innate immunity

Answer 1

no memory response, non specific

Question 2

adaptive immunity

Answer 2

memory response

Question 3

T lymphocyte and B

Answer 3

thymus

bursa of fabricus

Question 4

polymorphisms

Answer 4

DNA sequence differences

Question 5

a part of the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria triggers an inflammatory response

Answer 5

LPS (lipopolysaccharide)

Question 6

phagocytosis involves, attachment between macrophage and target (cell surface receptor)
5 answers + what they bind to

Answer 6

mannose receptor-binds to mannose residues on pathogen
glycan receptor binds to polysaccharides
scavenger receptor recognizes sialic acid
TLR (toll like receptor) binds to LPS
complement receptor recognise several structures

Question 7

bacterial killing mechanisms

using NADPH and NADPH oxidase

Answer 7

oxygen radicals- producing O2-

Question 8

O2- reacts with OH- OH* to form

Answer 8

H2O2

Question 9

phagocye killing is initiated ——

Answer 9

once the phagocytic vacuole fuse with a lysosome forming a phagolysosome

Question 10

pagolysosome contains

Answer 10

oxygen radical
NO pathway
chlorine products

Question 11

HO- or * are very

Answer 11

toxic and are produced from heterolytic fission of H2O2 by Fe

Question 12

NO regulated blood pressure and neuronal function enos and nNos are ——– and iNOS is———

Answer 12

ca dependent

ca independent

Question 13

O2 + L-arginine ——–(iNOS)——–

Answer 13

NO + citrulline

Question 14

NO can react with O2- to form

Answer 14

highly reactive peroxynitrite powerful oxidant

Question 15

first stage of macrophage activity involves

Answer 15

toll like receptors

Question 16

TLR release what

Answer 16

Prostaglandins
platelet activiting factor
cytokine

Question 17

PGs are lipid based from

Answer 17

arachidonic acid

Question 18

3 important cytokines released

Answer 18

interleukin 1 and 8

TNF(alpha)

Question 19

TNF(alpha), PAF and PG act on what

Answer 19

vascular endothelium to increase permiability

Question 20

IL 1 and TNF(alpha) also act on

and what do they cause

Answer 20

endothelial cells to transcriptionally cause adhetion molecules to be expressed on neutrophils and monocytes to bind and leave the blood steam and enter the place of infection

Question 21

neutophils and monocytes bind to infection which starts

Answer 21

removal by phagocytosis

Question 22

what will happen if the infection is not removed quickly

Answer 22

cytokines in the blood will rise affecting the brain and liver, leading to systemic response, the acute response phase

Question 23

brain IL1 causes

Answer 23

fever and loss of appetite

Question 24

cytokine IL-6

Answer 24

stimulates hepetocytes to release acute phase protein

Question 25

1.5-5 increase in cytokines

Answer 25

fibrinogen (clotting blood) | haptoglobulin (binds haem)

Question 26

100-1000 fold increase

Answer 26

SAA- inhibits fever and platelet activation | phospholipid c

Question 27

what are interferons and what do they do

Answer 27

they are cytokines that inhibit viral replication with infected cells

Question 28

``` INF (alpha) and (beta) are produced by whereas INF(gamma) ```

Answer 28

macrophages | lymphocytes and NK cells

Question 29

INF gamma responds to

Answer 29

macrophage releasing IL 12 | acts as amplification

Question 30

antibodies are specific

Answer 30

opsonins (binding proteins) which facilitate uptake of the immune complex by specific receptors on the phagocyte called Fc receptors

Question 31

T lymphocytes assist recognision and toll like receptors are responsible for what

Answer 31

recognising peptide fragment on antigen

Question 32

2 light chains

Answer 32

Kappa and lambda

Question 33

region between Ch1 and CH2 contains

Answer 33

several proline molecules | and causes flexability and is called the hinge region

Question 34

antigen binding sites are found where

Answer 34

on the variable domain | formed from quaternary structure of L and H

Question 35

different antigens recognize distinct epitopes on the same protein

Answer 35

polyclonal antibodies

Question 36

chemical bonds between IG and epitope

Answer 36

weak bonds

Question 37

AB are bivalent they can do what

Answer 37

interact with 2 identical epitopes

Question 38

5 classes of Ig | DETERMINED BY STRUCTURE AND Fc DOMAIN

Answer 38

``` IgA IgE IgM IgD IgG ```

Question 39

IgG SUBCLASS has a | while IgA SUBCLASS

Answer 39

unique function | is identical with respect to function

Question 40

antibody making cells are | wbc making cells are

Answer 40

plasma cells | B lymphocytes

Question 41

plasma cells and B lymphocytes express

Answer 41

IgM and D on their cell surface | they have identical variable domain

Question 42

each b cell will have a different

Answer 42

antigen specificity and unique epitope specificity

Question 43

antigens binding to specific B cell bound Ig molecules will initiate

Answer 43

clonal expansion of that cell | this ensures that the antibody is made for that specific antigen

Question 44

after clonal expansion B cells can

Answer 44

secrete antibodies

Question 45

opsonins

Answer 45

makes ready for phagocytosis have IgG molecules that bind to pathogen this binds to receptor taht recognises Fc region -Fc receptor on binding of antigen Fc region undergoes a conformational change taht enables it to bind FcR triggering phagocytosis

Question 46

3 complement pathways

Answer 46

classical, alternative lectin

Question 47

if IgG and E are bound to antigen the

Answer 47

cells can recognise this and bring about extracellular killing to big to be englufed by phagocytosis

Question 48

primary lymphoid organs

Answer 48

provides the environment for the development of lymphosytes

Question 49

secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 49

traps antigens and enables lymphocyte to interact

Question 50

haematopoiesis, all blood borne originate from

Answer 50

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

Question 51

multipotent HSC differentiates into 1 of the 2

Answer 51

myeloid progenitor cell lymphoid progenitor cell they loss the ability for self renewal

Question 52

MPC gives rise to | LPC gives rise to

Answer 52

progenitor of red cells | B, T, NK cells