Immunology Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Hypersensitivity Reactions acronym
A
ACID
A:naphylactic: type I (IgE–antibody–degran. of Mast cells)
C:ytotoxic: type II
I:mmune complex: type III
D:elayed hypersensitivity (cell mediated): type IV
2
Q
types of blood cells
A
- leukocyte
- erythrocyte
- thrombocyte or platelet (fragments of megakaryocyte)
3
Q
lymphoid –> lymphocytes are members of the ______ _____ _______
A
adaptive immune system
4
Q
presence of granules in cytoplasm
A
Granulocytes (NEUTROPHILS, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells)
5
Q
no granules in cytoplasm
A
Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)
6
Q
stem cell—> bi -potential cell –>splits 2 ways
A
–>adaptive I.S. LYMPHOID line (B,T, NK)
–>Innate I.S.: “MYLOID line” (mac, neu, eo,mast,megak, RBC)
(we talk about problems of blood constituents in terms of cell lines i.e. lymph/myloid–cancers will have dif characteristics
7
Q
-blast =
A
immature cell
8
Q
diverse and potent chemical messengers produced primarly by the cells of the IMMUNE SYSTEM IS
A
cytokines (influence local area and systemic)
9
Q
Common cytokines IITG
A
- interferon family (interfere)
- interleukin family
- tissue necrosis factor
- growth factors (GCSF, GM-CSF)
(don’t need to know specifics)
10
Q
T and B cells release
A
lymphokines (cytokines)
11
Q
monocytes –>and macrophages release
A
monokines (cytokins)
12
Q
WBCs release
A
interleukins (cytokin)
13
Q
cytokins that attract specific cells to area–site of infection/ injury
A
chemokines
14
Q
first line of defense of body–ex.s (3)
A
physical barriers
- skin
- mucous membranes
- substances on exterior inhospitable to microbes
15
Q
second line of defense of body– ex.s (7)
BECMMNN
A
innate immune system =nonspecific–“always on”
- macrophages
- neutrophils
- NKCs
- eosinophils
- basophils
- mast cells
- the complement system
16
Q
3rd lin of defense of body–(2)
A
adaptive immune system = specific IS
- T cells (thymus)
a. T-helper
b. T-killer (cytoToxic) - B cells (bone–plasma cell)
17
Q
long lived phagocytes called MONOCYTES while unmattured/circulating in blood
A
matures into MACROPHAGE after slipping btwn endothelium–called DENDRITITC CELL when associated w/ particular tissue
18
Q
Innate and adaptive immune system both have _______ and ______ components
A
- cellular (myeloid + lymph/dendritic)
2. humoral (cytokines + antibodies) respectively
19
Q
when _________ phagocytizes a cell, transports invaders ______ to its surface. Known as ____ ______ _____ after
A
macrophage, proteins,
antigen presenting cells APCs
20
Q
MACROPHAGE is ______ when in CNS and _____ ____ when in liver
A
microglia,
Kupffer cell
21
Q
macrophages release ______ after “battle” important for_______ _______
A
cytokines,
inflammatory response
22
Q
these SHORT LIVED (3-5 days) aggressive PHAGOCYTES compose 70% of WBCs in blood
A
neutrophils aka polymorphonuclearcytes
Not APCs
23
Q
^% of “BANDS” in blood smear indicates ______ ________, referred to as “______ to the _______” on smear
A
immune response,
“shift to the left” (more band forms of neutrophils = more immature neutrophil forms)
24
Q
these lymphosites “go both ways”, part of _______ and _____ IS.
A
innate and adaptive,
Natural Killer Cells (“instruct” cells to lyse”)
25
_____ _______ require prompting from T cells while _____ ______cells do not to kill tumor cells
cytotoxic lymphocytes,
| natural killer
26
__-__% bands when pt not infected for mature neutrophils--BANDS are neutrophils without _____, reflecting that they're recently produced
1-2%,
segmentation,
-% of bands will tell stage of infection, part of CBC
27
NK cells attack cells w/out "____" _____. Some NKCs _____ factories
"self" markers,
| cytokine
28
puss is
"spent" neutrophils
29
granulocyte important for combating ______. And important in ________ phenomena
parasites,
allergic
EOSINOPHILS (low levels in blood--tons of granules)
30
Basophils cousins too ____ ____. Mainly in ____, loaded w/ _______, leukotriens, and other allergy related chemicals.
Mast cells,
tissue,
histamine,
31
lymphocytes that can kill tumor cells, virus infected cells, bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites by instructed apoptosis
NKCs
32
Important for ALLERGIC response (2)
eosinophils
| basophils
33
NKCs have ____ _____ system. _____ vs. _____ ______. Important in graft vs. host disorder
two-key system.
kill vs. don't kill
Based on presence or absence or MCH on target
34
neutralizes invader by dumping contents on them
Mast Cells
35
cells of innate immune system able to bind to antigens
Pattern-Recognition Receptors
36
Pattern-Recognition Receptors encoded in germline (don't need to make contact personally) of each person--receptors evolved to detect...(3 ex.s).
1. Bacterial cell wall lipopolysaccarides and peptidoglycans
2. Bacterial DNA
3. dsRNA
37
B cells make ____ which attach to Mast Cells--now said to be "______"
antibodies,
| "primed"
38
System of appx 20 liver-made proteins that work together to DESTROY invaders and SIGNAL other IS components
the complement system--spontaneous and FAST
39
most abundant complement system protein
C3--complement fixation (big clump on bacteria)
40
Complement activation may result in (3)
1. opsonization of invader
2. chemo-attraction of immune cells
3. Lyses cell/virus (membrane attack complex==> opens hole
41
Complement system may be activated by (3) pathways
1. classic pathway (presence of antibody-antigen complexes)
2. alternative pathway
3. lectin activation pathway
42
Alternative pathway complement system activation...
C3 attaches to "unprotected" cells--> cascade of compliment activation-->destruction of unprotected surface
(human cells are covered w/ "protective" substances)
43
Lectin activation pathway...
| lectin/manos protein on bac cell wall
(carbs and fats on invader-->activate manos binding lectin MBL from liver-->activation of complement)
44
slow specific response to immune insult
adaptive/ cell mediated immunity (agranulocytes)
45
For adaptive IS: antigen must be "presented" to __ ____ for activation. Types of T cells:
T cell
a. Helper T cells Th
b. Killer T cells
c. regulatory T cells
46
Coordinators of immune system response--___ on cell surface. _____ ____ ____ activate these cells. Release _____ to dramatically effect immune system cells
Helper T cells (quarter back)
CD4,
Antigen presenting cells (macrophages),
cytokines
47
cytotoxic lymphocytes aka.
| Have ___ receptors. 2 step activation process: Read ___ of cell, and receive input form ______ ___ cells.
Killer T cells,
CD8,
MCH I,
helper T cells
48
some autoimmune disease may be result of malfunctioning of these poorly understood lymphocytes
regulatory T cells
49
Cells responsible for "Humoral Immunity"
B Lymphocytes (antibody factories)
50
HIV attacks ___ cells--clinically can check this vallue
CD4
51
These lymphocytes don't ALWAYS need Th input to attack. Produce ____ and during this process called ____ _____
B lymphocytes,
antibodies (humoral),
Plasma cells
52
Basis of vaccination--lymphocyte "activated" makes clones and _____ ____. Clones die off, _______ _____ live on for future infection.
Memory cells
53
antibodies aka--from activated B cells
immunoglobins-
54
T cells bind to _____ ______
| B cells bind to ____ (foreign organic molecule)
foreign protein
| antigen (slide 63)
55
"activated B cells produce large ____ of identical cells, most of which become ______ _____ which produce ^ quantities of specific antibodies
clone,
plasma cells
(some of the clones will become memory cells)
56
- antigen presenting cells present
| - healthy human cells present
-major histocompatibility complex II (proteins from invader)
-MHC I (slid 64) (presented to Killer T cells so don't kill them)
(presented to helper T cell)
57
antibodies have ____ and _____ chains. 2 "_____" (Fab((antibody)) of LIGHT chain bind to antigens; tail (Fc) HEAVY chain region bind to other _______ _______ _____.
heavy and light chains,
hands,
immune system cells
58
antibody functions (4)
1. promote compliment fixation
2. agglutination
3. precipitation (force insolubility)
4. act as opsonizer
59
Most abundant Immunoglobulin in SERUM, able to enter tissue + placenta (only one). Good _______. Presence in serum indicates _____ _______.
IgG,
opsonizer,
past infection
60
_______ T cells look for _____ cell surface proteins--normal = ______
cytotoxic,
abnormal,
MHC I
61
First antibody/immunoglobulin produced in IS response. Large, stays in ____ _____ indicative of current ______.
Good _____ ________& _______
IgM, (M=many)
blood stream,
infection,
compliment fixer and opsonizer
62
Antibody/immunoglobulin that guards mucosal surfaces (dig, resp, repro), thus most ______ "OUTSIDE" body. "______" pathogens so can't attach, leading to _______ . In MILK
IgA, (milk!)
abundant,
"coats"-->aglutination
63
IgG crosses placenta during
Gestation
| G-G
64
order of immunoglobulin appearance mnemo
```
MADge
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
IgE
```
65
Important immunoglobulin in _______ and ______. Large quantities made on first exposure to antigen. Mast cells will attach and degranulate releasing ________ ^ ______ permiability-->allergic rxn.
IgE,
ANAPHYLAXIS & ALLERGY,
histamines ^ capillary
66
in anaphylaxis there is a massive ______ of mast cells.
degranulation -->bronchospasm, hypotension, and CV collapse
67
MHC--function
major histocompatibility complex proteins -- differentiate "self" from "non-self"
68
white cell MHCs
human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system--all WBCs have same antigens
69
2 classes of MHC
1. Class I MHC-
| 2. Class II MHC--
70
Class I MHC
-on all NUCLEATED cells--tell Killer T (CD8) what's going on inside cell (i.e. infected w/ virus-->destroy)
71
preparing antigen to eat it
opsonization
72
Class II MHC
"billboard" on APC (macrophage) cell surface after phagocytosis of bac, only to be read by T helper cells Th--for purpose of directing IS
73
fetus gets _____ ______ from ____ antibodies, lasts 6 months while baby's IS developes
passive immunity,
IgG
(baby immune to all things mom has been exposed to)
74
poorly understood immunoglobulin--may activate other cells
IgD
75
Most abundant immunoglobulin:
Inside serum:
"Outside" body:
```
IgG
IgA (IgA deficiency most common immune disorder)
```
76
For graft vs. host disease (WBCs from graft attack person getting graft): anti-rejection drugs _____ ___, thus pt's are ______________
dampen IS,
| immunocompromised
77
Autoimmune disorders, body doesn't recognize "self": ex.'s (7)
(ankylosing spondylitis "bamboo spine") immunosuppresors
1. molecular mimicry
2. myasthenia gravis
3. lupus erythematous
4. rheumatoid arthritis
5. transplanted organ rejection
6. some Type I diabetes
7. anti-thyrotropin receptors-->thyroid disorder
78
______ cells may display abnormal _____ patterns, marking them out for _____ by killer T cells
Cancer,
MHC,
apoptosis
79
only antigen presenting cells have ______ __
MHC II
80
general term for "battle scene" between IS and infectious agents
inflammatory response
81
hallmarks physical finding of inflammatory response (3)
1. Rubor: ^ local blood flow (erythema, warmth)
2. dolor: edema and pus from ^ vessel permeability-->immune cells moved to area
3. calor: stimulation of nociceptive
82
components of inflammatory response: (3)
1. immune cell response--> histamine, BRADYKININ, SEROTONIN released
2. Cytokine production-->tissue necrosis factor, interferon gamma, interleukin-->act local and systemic
3. Activation of compliment system
83
autoimmune diseased often have a long term "______" type of inflammation--suggesting the classic "______ ______"
"indolent",
| "inflammatory response"
84
immune response to synovial lining of joints
rheumatoid arthritis
85
IgE and mast cell/basophil mediated hypersensitivity rxn w/in ___ min of exposure. S&S's related to ______ and other agents from degranulation of ____ ____
Type I hypersensitivity rxn--
5-30 min,
histamine,
mast cells
86
IgM or IgG mediated hypersensitivity rxn resulting from development of antibodies to cell surface antigens over min-hrs-days.
Type II hypersensitivity rxn--
87
Type II hypersensitivity rxn S&Ss
may affect variety of organs and tissue:
1. transfusion rxn
2. drug induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia
3. good pasture's nephritis
4. pemphigus
5. myasthenia gravis
88
*HLA B-27
| Human leukocyte antigen
presence of particular component of associated w/ ankylosing spondylitis (bamboo spine)
89
Disease of hypersensitivity caused by production of circulating "immune complexes" of ______ and ______. This complex precipitates out of solution and deposits in tissue. Inflammation cause by activation of _______ system.
Type III hypersensitivity rxn--(read pg 15)
antigens and antibodies,
compliment
90
type III hypersensitivity rxn of neutrophils, macrophages, cytokines, and PLATELET AGGREGATION of INDIVIDUAL ORGANS. ex.'s
DX w/ tissue bx, serum C3 & C5 levels
1. systemic lupus erythematosus- (skin, kidney
2. polyarteritis
3. rheumatoid arthritis
4. SERUM SICKNESS (fever, arthralgia, rashes)
91
"Cell mediated" hypersensitivity rxn--T-CELL mediated. Ex.'s
Type IV hypersensitivity rxn.
1. tuberculin test/ tuberculosis
2. poison oak/ivy
3. auto immune diseases
4. egg cell in liver
92
abnormalities in development or function of T, B, and or granulocytes; congenital, spontaneous, or iatrogenic.
PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY
93
types of primary immunodeficiency (3)
1. selective IgA deficiency (compensation by ^ in IgG & IgM)
2. Severe Combined Immunodeciency (SCID) die in infancy
3. X-linked agammagloculinemia (XLA) maternally derived immunoglobulin disappears
94
Immunodeficiencies NOT caused by abnormalities in development or function of T and B cells. Ex.'s
Secondary Immunodeficiency:
1. AIDS--T-cell fine but low levels
2. immunodeficiency from malnutrition, X-ray, Drugs
3. no or less active cytokines i.e. (granulocyte-colony stim)
95
T, B cells, antigen presenting cells, and antigens travel through
lymph vessels/nodes
96
spleen acts to _____ the blood
filter
97
the innate system is responsible for _______ danger and _____ of the adaptive IS. It is much less ______ than the adaptive.
sensing,
activation,
"focused"
98
"players" are always in place for the _______ __, if they're overwhelmed, the ________ ___ comes into play; it's able to handle huge quantities of almost any invader although it take more time to make "____ weapons"
Innate IS,
Adaptive IS,
custom
99
Rubor
Dolor
Calor
warm
red
pain
100
tripsin dissolves
protein--in gut and neutrophils
101
hypersensitivity essentially _____ immune response
exaggerated
102
prednisone dampens
T-cells--type IV hypersensitivity response
103
Complement system activation
classic pathway:
alternative pathway:
Lectin activation pathway:
1. antibody-antigen complex activates
2. C3 attachment to "unprotected" cell activates
3. liver derived mannose binding lectin attachment to fat or carb on pathogen activates
104
"shift to the left" think
neutrophils--phacocytes--non APC--attracted to cytokines
105
MHC II molecules only presented for
T helper cells
106
transplant btwn same species
allograft vs. autograft (self)
107
second key for adaptive immune system
APC (B7)
| Th (CD28)
108
selective IgA deficiency think
PRIMARY immunodeficiency--young guy chronic sinusitis
