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BMS150 > IMMUNOLOGY 3 > Flashcards

IMMUNOLOGY 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the effects of IL-1 and TNF- alpha cytokine?

A

induces fever, releases acute phase proteins from the liver, vascular permeability, increases adhesion to endothelium, makes chemokines, produces IL-6

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2
Q

what functions does IL-6 NOT perform?

A

production of IL-6, chemokine productions, increased adhesion to endothelium

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3
Q

what causes fever?

A

change of the hypothalamic set point

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4
Q

what is the mechanism for higher body temp?

A

peripheral vasoconstriction –> blood flows away from periphery towards the core –> less heat loss
shivering and increased metabolic rate

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5
Q

what are the benefits of a fever?

A

more effective immune mechanisms

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6
Q

how is the hypothalamic set-point altered

A

by increasing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines

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7
Q

what pro-inflammatory cytokines induce fever?

A

IL-1 and TNF at low concentrations and IL-6 at higher concentrations

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8
Q

how do pro-inflammatory cytokines increase temperature?

A

cause elevation of prostaglandin E2 by cells in the 3rd ventricle

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9
Q

what does prostaglandin E2 do?

A

PGE2 leads to signalling that changes the hypothalamic setpoint –> reason why blockers such as tylenol are effective anti-pyretics

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10
Q

what cytokine in particular causes the liver to secrete acute phase proteins?

A

IL-6

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11
Q

what are acute phase proteins useful for?

A

acute inflammation

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12
Q

what is a major acute phase proteins

A

C- reactive protein, ferritin, hepcidin, mannose-binding lectin, serum amyloid protein A

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13
Q

what does C-reactive protein do?

A

opsonins bind to bacterial cell wall, activates C1q –> triggers classical complement pathway

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14
Q

why do we test for CRP?

A

diagnosis for inflammatory disease

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15
Q

what does ferritin do?

A

binds to serum iron with high affinity because lots of bacteria need iron to survive

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16
Q

what does hepcidin do?

A

interferes with the transport of iron to bloodstream (so bacteria cant have it)

17
Q

what does Mannose binding lectin do?

A

PRR that initiates the lectin complement cascade

18
Q

what does serum amyloid protein A do?

A

increases activation of inflammasome and TLRs and opsonized some gram negative bacteria

19
Q

what is the major division of interferons?

A

group 1: interferon alpha and interferon beta
group 2: interferon gamma

20
Q

what is the role of each interferon?

A

group 1: interfere with viral replication
group 2: activate macrophages and adaptive immune response

21
Q

where are each group of interferons secreated from?

A

group 1: macrophages, dendritic cells, cells that have detected a virus
group 2: Th cells and NK cells

22
Q

which group of interferons is more commonly found?

A

group 1 –> the receptor for this is found on most cells

23
Q

what is the mechanism for group 1 INFs

A

autocrine and paracrine fashion to provide innate, quick response

24
Q

how do type 1 INF interfere with viral replications?

A

inhibit protein translation, degrade viral mRNA, inhibit viral protein assembly

25
Q

what are NK cells?

A

derived from lymphoid, non specific detection

26
Q

what activates NK cells?

A

Type 1 INFs and IL-12

27
Q

what does the NK cell do?

A

secretes cytokines to prepare adaptive immune system, kill infected cells

28
Q

how are NK cells activated or inhibited?

A

by activation receptors recognized on infected cells and deactivating receptors on normal cells

29
Q

what are some examples of NK activating receptors?

A

NKG2D- detects strange MCH-1 molecules on cells

30
Q

what needs to be checked before NK cells are activates

A

their NKIR

31
Q

what is an example of a NK inhibitory receptor

A

KIR: detects MHC-1 molecules on normal cells

32
Q

what ensures that the NKIRs are functional

A

dendritic cells

33
Q

how do NK cells kill pathogens

A

receptor mediated apoptosis via Fas-Fas ligand interaction and secretion of proteins perforin and granzyme

34
Q

what is perforin?

A

protein that pokes holes in the membrane

35
Q

what is granzyme?

A

activates BH#-only apoptotic protein Bid and executioner caspase 3

36
Q

what PRR would be used for a bacterial invader?

A

TLRs

37
Q

what PRR would be used for a viral infection?

A

TLR and RLR –> activate NK

BMS150 (5 decks)

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