Immunology

Question 0

What does IL-12 do?

Answer 0

Promotes differentiation into Th1 effector cells. Stimulates NK cells

Question 1

What binds ICAM-1 (CD54)

Answer 1

LFA-1 and MAC-1

Question 2

What binds PECAM-1? And what does it facilitate?

Answer 2

PECAM-1 and diapedesis of leukocytes

Question 3

What binds VLA-4?

Answer 3

VCAM-1

Question 4

What do CD8 cells secrete?

Answer 4

Perforin, granzymes, granulysin, IFN-gamma, LT. FasL

Question 5

What do Th1 cells secrete?

Answer 5

IFN-1, GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, LT, IL-3

Question 6

What do Th2 cells secrete?

Answer 6

IL: 4, 5,10, 13 and TGF-beta

Question 7

What activates macrophages?

Answer 7

Th1 cells, makes them more phagocytic and bacteriocidal

Question 8

What do Tregs do? And how?

Answer 8

Prevent activation of self-reactive cells. Secretion of TGF-beg and IL-10

Question 9

Azithromycin

Answer 9

Macrolide. Binds 23S rRNA of 50s RSU preventing elongation of AA. Bactiostatic

Question 10

Cephalexin

Answer 10

1st generation cephalosporin. Treats gram positives. Commonly prescribed oral antibiotic.

Cell wall inhibitor

Question 11

Ampicillin

Answer 11

Aminopenicillin. Treats gram negatives. Bacteriocidal.

Cell wall inhibitor

Question 12

Piperacillin

Answer 12

Broad spectrum penicillin. Administered with beta-lactamase inhibitor

Question 13

Nitroimidazole

Answer 13

Metronidazole. Prodrug needing ferredoxin for activation

Only effective in anaerobes

Produces toxic products and free radicals

Question 14

Gentamicin

Answer 14

Aminoglycoside. Iv administered

Treats gram negative aerobes

Reversibly binds to 30s RSU and causes pores in outer cell membrane

Question 15

Clindamycin

Answer 15

Lincosamide. Bacteriostatic

Binds 23S rRNA of 50 RSU

Question 16

Vancomycin

Answer 16

Binds D-ala-D-ala sequence in cell wall precursor.

Oral for GI infections. IV otherwise

Question 17

Fosfomycin

Answer 17

Inhibits first step of peotidoglycan

Question 18

Chloramphenicol

Answer 18

Protein synthesis inhibitor. Binds 50S RSU.

Binds near Clindamycin and macrolides

Question 19

Tetracyclines

Answer 19

Reversibly bind to 16S subunit of 30s RSU. weakening ribosomal-tRNA interaction

Question 20

Imipebem

Answer 20

Carbapenem. Given with cilastin

Cell wall inhibitor: better cell wall penetration, resistance to bacterial enzymes and affinity for all PBPs

Question 21

Quinupristin

Answer 21

Streptogramin. Protein synthesis inhibitor. Binds 50s RSU.

Given dalfopristin. Bacterocidial

Question 22

Mupircin

Answer 22

Protein synthesis inhibitor. Reversible binding to isoleucyl transferase-RNA

Topically given. Gram positive and negative

Question 23

Fidaxomicin

Answer 23

C-diff treatment

Inhibits RNA synthesis

Question 24

Aztreonam

Answer 24

Monobactam. Cell wall inhibitor. Bacterocidial

Question 25

Rifampin

Answer 25

Binds RNA polymerase. Prevents initiation of RNA synthesis Lipophilic: mycobacterium, biofilms, CNS. And abscesses

Question 26

Daptomycin

Answer 26

Causes rapid depolarization of cell membrane of gram positives Leads to inhibition of protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis

Question 27

Ceftriaxone

Answer 27

3rd generation cephlalosporin for treatment of sti and pediatric meningitis. Gram negatives. Given IV

Question 28

Cotrimoxazole

Answer 28

Combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Inhibition of folic acid synthesis UTIs, chronic bronchitis, pneumocystis

Question 29

Erythromycin

Answer 29

Macrolide. Binds 23 rRNA of 50 RSU preventing amino acid elongation

Question 30

Ciprofloxin

Answer 30

Fluroquinolone. Inhibits DNA gyrase (in gram negatives) and topoisomerase (in gram positives)

Question 31

AIRE

Answer 31

Autoimmune regulator. Drives expression of proteins from different tissues to be expressed in thymus to help with negative selection

Question 32

FoxP3

Answer 32

Transcription factor for IL-10 and TGF-beta. Deficiency leads to autoimmune disease

Question 33

T-bet

Answer 33

Transcription factor for making Th1 cells

Question 34

GATA-4

Answer 34

Transcription factor for making Th2 cells

Question 35

CAD

Answer 35

Caspase activatible DNAase. Starts as I-CAD which is cleaved by caspase 3. Goes to nucleus and cleaves DNA into small pieces

Question 36

What is the signal transduction unit of the BCR

Answer 36

Ig-alpha/Ig-beta complex

Question 37

TLR2:TLR6 heterodimer

Answer 37

Lipopepides. Gram positives and zymosan from fungi

Question 38

TLR3

Answer 38

Double stranded viral RNA

Question 39

TLR4:TLR4 homodimer

Answer 39

Lipo polysaccharide. Gram negative

Question 40

What are the best neutralizing Igs?

Answer 40

IgGs and IgA

Question 41

IL-7

Answer 41

B cell growth factor produced by bone marrow stromal cells

Question 42

What are the genes for MHC class 1

Answer 42

Chromosome 6: HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C

Question 43

What are the genes for MHC II?

Answer 43

On chromosome 6: HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR

Question 44

What causes the second activation signal for T cells?

Answer 44

B7 on APC binding to Cd28