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Immunology Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What do mycobacteria infect?

A

They infect antigen presenting cells

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2
Q

Where are the blood tissue barriers and hence immune privileged tissues?

A

Blood-brain barrier
Blood-ocular barrier
Blood-testis barrier

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3
Q

What are warm antibodies?

A

IgG

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4
Q

What are cold antibodies?

A

IgM

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5
Q

Which antibodies form monomers?

A

IgG
IgE
IgD

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6
Q

Which antibodies form dimers?

A

IgA

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7
Q

Which antibodies form pentamers?

A

IgM

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8
Q

Which antibodies cannot cross the placenta?

A

IgM

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9
Q

Give examples of uses of passive immunity

A

Anti-venins
Pooled Ig for immune deficiencies
To prevent rhesus disease

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10
Q

What is caused by the measles vaccine?

A

SSPE

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11
Q

What is the marker for memory b cells?

A

CD27

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12
Q

What is the marker for memory T cells?

A

CD45

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13
Q

What are the 6 types of vaccine?

A 
Killed whole pathogen
Live attenuated
Sub unit
Synthetic
Toxoid
Conjugate
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14
Q

What is an attenuated pathogen?

A

Made unable to grow in the human body or grow slowly

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15
Q

What is the function of adjuvants?

A

Increase the immune response

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16
Q

What adjuvant is used in viral vaccines?

A

IL33

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17
Q

How does HIV enter T cells?

A

Gp120 on HIV binds CD4

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18
Q

What are the problems associated with a HIV infection?

A

Antibodies against gp120 can enhance infection in macrophages

Antigenic drift

Initial infection is transmitted by infected cell not by free virus

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19
Q

What are 5 types of immunodeficiencies?

A 
X linked agammablobulinemia
ADA SCID
MHC deficiency
Ig deficiency
T cell deficiency
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20
Q

What are treatments for immunodeficiencies?

A 
Prophylactic antibiotics
PEGAylated ADA injections
HSCT
Gene therapy
Pooled gamma globulin
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21
Q

What mutation is associated with x linked agammaglobulinemia?

A

Btk which causes mutational arrest of B cells

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22
Q

What are 3 contributory causes of MS?

A

Vitamin D
EBV infection
Genetics

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23
Q

What gene is associated with MS?

A

HLA-DRB1

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24
Q

What are the antigens in MS?

A

MBP
MOG
PLP

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25
What is the pathophysiology of MS?
CD4 T cells are activated by APC, they express VLA4 so can cross the blood brain barrier. T cells cause inflammation with leads to demyelination. Increased levels of IgG and leukocytes are found in the cerebrospinal fluid
26
How does a decrease in vitamin D cause MS?
Increases inflammation. Less vitamin D = more Th1 response
27
What treatments are available for MS?
Interferon beta (inhibits IFN gamma) Corticosteroids Antibody therapies (rituximab against b cells and natalizumab against VLA4) Methrotrexate Cyclophosphamide (promotes Th2 response and is toxic to proliferating cells)
28
What does the classical complement system recognise?
Antibody:antigen complexes
29
What does the MBP/lectin system recognise?
Sugar residues
30
What does the alternative pathway recognise?
Pathogen surfaces
31
What is the result of all 3 pathways?
Production of C5 convertase and MAC
32
Why does complement have to be regulated?
To prevent it attacking host membranes
33
What regulates complement?
C1 disrupters C3 convertase disrupters MAC inhibitors
34
Common pathway
C3 + C3 convertase = C5 convertase | C5 convertase is cleaved to form C5a and C5b. C5b directs the MAC.
35
MAC
C5b binds C6 and C7 which then binds to the pathogen membrane. C8 binds to the complex and inserts into the membrane. Many molecules of C9 bind to form a pore
36
What activates phagocytes?
Complement Antigen antibody complexes Stranger signals Danger signals
37
Example of stranger signal
Bacterial flagella
38
Example of danger signal
Uric acid from breakdown of purines in dying cells
39
How do phagocytes kill bacteria?
Respiratory burst
40
Where in a phagocyte are bacteria digested?
Phagosomal lysosomal compartment
41
What is respiratory burst?
How phagocytes kill bacteria. It consumes oxygen and is initiated by NADPH oxidase
42
How does the respiratory burst kill bacteria?
Production of ROS
43
What diseases are associated with phagocytosis?
Chediak higashi syndrome Leukocyte adhesion deficiency Chronic granulomatous disease
44
What is chediak higashi syndrome?
Improper phagosomal lysosomal function
45
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Prevents phagocytes migrating
46
Describe the structure of an antibody
Two light chains Two heavy chains Variable region with 2 antigen binding sites Constant (Fc) region
47
What are the types of immunoglobulin in order of abundance?
IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
48
Where are IgM and IgG found?
Serum
49
Where is IgA found?
Mucosa
50
Where is IgD found?
Restricted to the B cell membrane - is a B cell receptor
51
What is the role of IgE?
Activates mast cells
52
How is antibody diversity achieved?
Combinatorial diversity
53
How are antibody light chains produced?
Combining V J C gene segments
54
How are antibody heavy chains produced?
Combining VDJC gene segments (D = diversity)
55
What controls gene rearrangement in immunoglobulin?
Rag 1 and rag 2 recombinase
56
What do mutations in RAG genes lead to?
Omenn syndrome (severe immunodeficiency)
57
How do B cells change the sub-type of antibody?
Class switching
58
What is the role of AID
Controls somatic hypermutation in antibody genes. This can increase antibody affinity
59
Describe MHC I antigen processing
Cytosolic proteins are degraded by the proteasome, transported to ER by tap, trimmed by ER peptidases, loaded onto the binding groove of MHC I which is then trafficked to the cell membrane
60
What are CD1 molecules?
Bind non-self glycolipids and present them to T cell receptors on NK cells
61
Describe MHC class II antigen processing
MHC II assembles as heterodimers in the ER. Invariant chain binds to the peptide binding groove. Transported to an endocytic vesicle which is acidified to cleave invariant chain to CLIP. Engulfed pathogen proteins are degraded by the proteasome and bind to the peptide binding groove thanks to HLADM. MHC is then trafficked to the cell surface.
62
Where are T cells selected?
Thymus
63
What are CD4 T cells?
Helper T cells (provide help to B cells)
64
What are CD8 T cells?
Kill virally infected cells
65
What are Tregs
T cells which modulate the immune system
66
What happens when the T cell receptor is stimulated?
The T cell divides to produce clones with the same T cell receptor specificity
67
T cell receptor genes
VJC for the alpha chain | VDJC for the beta chain
68
How are T cell receptor genes rearranged?
Rag dependent mechanism
69
What coreceptor does the T cell receptor require?
CD3
70
What co receptor does the B cell require?
Ig alpha beta heterodimer
71
Which cytokine stimulates T cell clone expansion?
IL2
72
What is the role of interferon gamma?
Suppresses viral infection of cells
73
What releases IL1 and TNF alpha
Macrophages
74
TNF alpha receptor pathway
Signals through MAP kinase or ERK kinase to activate NFkB
75
Il1 signalling pathway
Signals through MyD88 and IRAK kinase
76
How do T reg cells maintain peripheral tolerance?
Secrete cytokines that inhibit autoreactive T helper cells
77
Autograft
Transplant from recipients own tissues
78
Allograft
Transplant from non-identical members of the same species
79
Isograft
Transplant from genetically identical individuals (monozygotic twins)
80
Xenograft
Transplant from different species
81
Hyperacute rejection
Rejection within minutes of transplant
82
Acute rejection
Rejection within 2 weeks of transplant due to MHC mismatch
83
Chronic rejection
Months to years after transplant, mechanism unknown
84
Which immunosuppressant drugs are used in transplants?
Cyclosporin A Rapamycin FK506
85
How do immunosuppressant drugs for transplant work?
Block IL2 production | Block T cell cell cycle

Biomedical Sciences (6 decks)

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