Immunology Concepts

Question 1

Fc region

Answer 1

part of the antibody molecule that fits into a receptor on the phagocytic cell

Question 1

Lymphokines

Answer 1

soluble mediators produced by lymphocytes, primarily T cells

Question 2

HLA complex is primarily located on this chromosome

Answer 2

Chrom 6,

Question 3

A young woman shows increased susceptibility to pyogenic infections. Upon assay she shows a low level of C3, what is probably true?

Answer 3

she has a decreased production of C3, autoimmune disease susceptibility does not include pyogenic infections

Question 4

What is Digeorge syndrome?

Answer 4

decreased T cells

Question 5

example of immune injury caused by ag-ab complexes?

Answer 5

acute glomerulonephritis - acute inflammatory reactions happen after ag-ab complex is deposited on the glomerular membranes

Question 6

IgE mediated anaphylatic reactions

Answer 6

Bee stings/penicillin

Question 7

Contact dermatitis mediated by?

Answer 7

T cells, not antibody

Question 8

Serologically detectable antibody produced in RA? … explain more

Answer 8

IgM due to agglutination activity. RF (rheumatoid factor) commonly used in diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis

Question 9

Direct immunoflourescence assay

Answer 9

conjugated reagent antibody reacts with antigen to form antigen-antibody complexes

Question 10

in individuals allergic to pollen, hyposensitization protocols may be initiated, what type of injections may these pts recieve?

Answer 10

involves gradually increasing concentration of the allergen until the pt is tolerant and no longer has symptoms

Question 11

Why can we transplant corneal tissue from one pt to another so successfully?

Answer 11

the cornea is nonvascularized and is sequestered. The immune system of the host does not “see” the cornea and recognize it as foreign

Question 12

a transplant from one identical twin to another is an example of?

Answer 12

same genetic makeup, meaning they would be isografts or syngeneic grafts

Question 13

Autographs

Answer 13

one transplant from a site to another in the same individual

Question 14

Allograft

Answer 14

transplantation of two nonidentical individuals of the same species

Question 15

Bruton’s disease

Answer 15

congenital agammaglobuliemia
mostly males
B cells not produced
IgA,IgD,IgE and IgM undetectable
IgG absent or very low

Question 16

cell source of IL-2?

Answer 16

T cells
activated Helper T cells

Question 17

passive immunization benefits

Answer 17

ab is available immediately
short lived ab
mostly IgG

Question 18

active immunization

Answer 18

ab production takes a while
life long persistance

Question 19

where are antibodies digested?

Answer 19

in the GI

Question 20

compliment has been activated, what attracts leukocytes and macrophages to the site of compliment activation?

Answer 20

C5a - it is chemotactic

IgM can activate the compliment cascade but is not chemotactic

Question 21

anamnestic response

Answer 21

secondary response to a stimuli, not innate

Question 22

phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear cells is an example of?

Answer 22

innate immunity

Question 23

Prozone phenomena

Answer 23

high titer of excess ab is present, not enough antigen is present for cross linking and lattice formation. Ab blocks all binding sites/no complement is able to start

Question 24

Rapid plasma reagin assay for syphilis does nto need to be read microscopically because the ag is?

Answer 24

complexed with charcoal, when combined with pt sample and ag, this reaction can be read Macroscopically

Question 25

VDRL test for syphilis is classified as a(n)

Answer 25

flocculation reaction, read on low power

Question 26

one cause of false positive VDRL tests?

Answer 26

connective tissue disorders like SLE, or mono, pregnancy, malaria ..etc

Question 27

ELISA, visible reaction is due to?

Answer 27

enzyme and substrate, will produce a colored reaction alkaline phosphatase is used

Question 28

light chains

Answer 28

kappa and lambda, two, but in any one molecule only one type is found

Question 29

Fc fragment of an immunoglobulin molecule?

Answer 29

binds to specific fc receptors on the surface of white blood cells

Question 30

monoclonal antibodies are produced by?

Answer 30

hybridomas/hybrid myeloma - prepared from mouse and human plasma cells fused with myeloma cells

Question 31

antibodies that bind to the same epitope are of the same

Answer 31

idiotype - refers to the specificity of the molecule, variable region of the molecule

Question 32

isotype

Answer 32

different classes and subclasses of antiboides (IgG vs IgM) determined by which heavy chain is present

Question 33

allotype

Answer 33

refers to different alleles of the same isotype

Question 34

Skin testing is a useful diagnostic tool in a number of disorders, such as tuberculosis....how does this work?

Answer 34

it causes a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, if sensiitized T cells are transferred from one individual to another the recipient will also have a delayed rxn

Question 35

Interaction between B and T helper cells involves

Answer 35

Foreign antigen on B cell binding to T cell receptor

Question 36

cell mediated hypersensitivity

Answer 36

contact dermatitis, usually a hapten is the ag and combines with carrier molecule on the surface

Question 37

incompatible blood transfusions are examples of?

Answer 37

Type II hypersensitivity reactions, ag binds to ab and lyses the rbcs

Question 38

A soluble antigen and soluble antibody reacting to form an insoluble product describes

Answer 38

precipitation reactions

Question 39

What is the indicator system used in the complement fixation test?

Answer 39

Sensitized sheep red blood cells

Question 40

IgM antibody to OspC

Answer 40

marker for lyme disease, detected by western blot

Question 41

Rheumatic fever sometimes occurs after group A streptococcal infections. In this condition, an autoimmune response attacks the tissue of the heart valves. This phenomenon is an example of...

Answer 41

molecular mimicry

Question 42

moleculary mimicry definition

Answer 42

an immune response directed against one antigen may be extended to include activity against closely related antigens.

Question 43

"Superantigens" are toxins produced by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci and cause damage by

Answer 43

polyclonal T cell activation, resulting in things such as TSS

Question 44

In a competitive radioimnumosorbent test (RIST), what does a high signal suggest?

Answer 44

a high signal indicates low unlabled IgE from the patient sample

Question 45

what indicates a chronic HBV infection vs Acute?

Answer 45

chronic will have HbsAg, HbeAg and anti-Hbc