Immunology: Cytokines, Cell Markers

Question 1

CD3

• Cells
• Mechanisms

Answer 1

Present on all T-cells

Signal transducer for the TCR

Question 2

CD4

• Cells
• Mechanisms

Answer 2

T-helper cells

MHC II receptor

Question 3

CD8

• Cells
• Mechanisms

Answer 3

Cytotoxic T-cells

MHC I receptor

Question 4

CD45

Answer 4

All T-cells

RTKs

Question 5

CD21

Answer 5

B-cells

Interacts with complement (C3d)

Question 6

CD35

Answer 6

T-cells

Interacts with complement

Question 7

CD25

Answer 7

T-cells, B-cells, monocytes

IL-2 receptor (part of it)

Question 8

Types of hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 8

Type 1 = IgE mediated immediate reaction

Type 2 = IgG or IgM mediated reaction resulting in complement or macrophage

Type 3 = Immune complex

Type 4 = delayed cell based (t-cells)

Question 9

CD95

Answer 9

An extrinsic pathway death receptor (Fas)

Question 10

Which TLRs are responsible for the detection of viral nucleic acid?

Answer 10

3 7 8 & 9

Question 11

Which TLR detects LPS?

Answer 11

4

Question 12

TLR that detects flagellin

Answer 12

TLR 5

Question 13

Which TLR recognised mitochondrial DNA?

Answer 13

TLR 9

Question 14

Which TLR recognises HMGB1?

Answer 14

TLR 2 and TLR 4

Question 15

Components of the cell wall that are recognised by innate immunity with:

1. Gram positive bacteria
2. Gram negative bacteria
3. Acid-fast bacteria
4. Yeasts
5. Viruses

Answer 15

1. Peptidoglycans
2. LPS
3. Glycolipids
4. Mannan or -beta glucan
5. Nucleic acid

Question 16

What types of PAMPs are detected by NLRs?

Answer 16

Intracellular

Question 17

Pathways activated/molecules produced due to NOD1/NOD2 activation

Answer 17

1 = NF-kappa beta

2 = defensins

Question 18

Main functions of TNF-a

Answer 18

Leukocyte adherance, activation, etc.

Result in classical signs of inflammation (e.g. pain, heat, redness, swelling)

Direct toxic effect on microbial invaders

Facilitation of switching the innate immune response to an adaptive one

Question 19

IL-1 produced in response to activation of which TLR?

Answer 19

4

Question 20

Main functions of IL-6

Answer 20

Induction of pyrexia

Promotion of hepcidin production

Question 21

Stimulaants for IL-6 production

Answer 21

Bacterial endotoxins (by sentinal cells) and in response to TNF-a and IL-1 production.

Question 22

Main immunologic mediators of vascular permeability

Answer 22

Histamine, serotonin, kinins

Question 23

Main functions of prostaglandins

Answer 23

Vasodilation and vascular permeability

Question 24

Main function of thromboxanes

Answer 24

Platelet activation

Question 25

Main functions of leukotrienes

Answer 25

Chemotaxis (B4) and smooth muscle contraction (C, D, E)

Question 26

Which molecules can opsonise invaders?

Answer 26

IgG, IgE, C3b and C5b

Question 27

Stimulus for the classical complement pathway

Answer 27

Antigen-antibody binding and activation of C1q (binds to Fc region)

Question 28

Stimulus for the lecithin pathway of complement activation

Answer 28

Mannose binding lecthin (produced by liver) binds to mannose

Question 29

Stimulus for the alternative complement pathway

Answer 29

Bacterial endotoxins

Question 30

Main end pathway of complement activation

Answer 30

Production of C3 via C3 convertase which results in production of C5 via C5 convertase which then forms the MAC

Question 31

Complement components that do the following: ## Footnote Opsonisation Cell lysis Chemotaxis Coagulation Activation of mast cells

Answer 31

Opsonisation * C3b and C4b: Activate neutrophils and macrophages Cell lysis * MAC Chemotaxis * C3a: attracts eosinophils * C5a: attracts neutrophils and macrophages to where antigens are * C567: attracts neutrophils and macrophages. Coagulation * C5a: induces expression of TF and plasminogen activartor inhibitor 1 Activation of mast cells * C3a, C4a, C5a

Question 32

Main activators of macrophages

Answer 32

IFN-y, TNF-a, IL-2

Question 33

Role of IL-8

Answer 33

Attracts neutrophils It is produced by macrophages.

Question 34

How do pyrogens induce the change in the hypothalamic set point??

Answer 34

**COX-2** production in the hypothalamus results in **PGE₂** production

Question 35

Cell that has CD15

Answer 35

Granulocytes

Question 36

Cell that has CD14

Answer 36

Monocytes

Question 37

Cell that has CD19

Answer 37

B-lymphocyte

Question 38

Cell that has CD61

Answer 38

Thrombocyte

Question 39

Which MHC class results in the following: Presentation of intracellular antigen Presentation of extracellular antigen

Answer 39

Intracellular = MHC I Extracellular = MHC II

Question 40

IL-2 main function

Answer 40

Proinflammatory in the Th1 response (cellular immunity)

Question 41

IL-3 main function

Answer 41

Growth factor that stimulates maturation of Eo, No and Mo

Question 42

IL-4 main function

Answer 42

Immunoregulatory in suppressing macrophages (e.g. reduces cell based response) Promotes B-cells

Question 43

IL-5 main function

Answer 43

Differentiation of eosinophils

Question 44

IL-10 main functions

Answer 44

Immunosupressive generally (enhances Treg)

Question 45

IL-11

Answer 45

Also a haemotopoitic growht factor.

Question 46

Main interleukins promoting leukocyte growth and activation

Answer 46

IL-3 = No, Mo, Eo IL-5 = Eo IL-11 = B and megakaryocytes

Question 47

Proinflammatory vs. anti-inflammatory TNFs

Answer 47

TNF-a = proinflammatory TNF-b = anti-inflammatory TGF-b = immunosupressant, stimulates Treg cells

Question 48

Which chemokines stimulate megakaryocytes

Answer 48

TPO, IL-3, IL-6, IL-11

Question 49

T-cell (cytotoxic) effector response a) T-cell subtype involved b) Cytokines polarising to this reposnonse c) Cytokines produced by these cells d) main cell types effecting the response

Answer 49

a) **TH-1** b) **IFN-y** & IL-12 c) **IFN-y**, IL-2, TNFa d) macrophages

Question 50

B-cell (humoral) effector response a) T-cell subtype involved b) Cytokines polarising to this reposnonse c) Cytokines produced by these cells d) main cell types effecting the response

Answer 50

a) Th-2 b) **IL-4,** IL-33, TSLP c) **IL-4**, IL-5, IL-9 IL-13 d) mast cells, eosinophils, IgE production

Question 51

Inflammatory (extracellular pathogen) effector response a) T-cell subtype involved b) Cytokines polarising to this reposnonse c) Cytokines produced by these cells d) main cell types effecting the response

Answer 51

a) Th17 b) **IL-6**, IL-23, TGFb c) **IL-17**, IL-21, IL-22 d) neutrophils

Question 52

Immunoregulatory effector response a) T-cell subtype involved b) Cytokines polarising to this reposnonse c) Cytokines produced by these cells d) main cell types effecting the response

Answer 52

a) Treg b) **IL-10, TGFb** c) **IL-10**, IL-35, **TGFb** d) n/a