Immunology Physiology: Part 1 Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Organs of the Immune System?
A
- Tonsils and Adenoids
- Lymph and lymphatic vessels
- thymus
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- appendix
- peyer’s patches
- bone marrow
2
Q
Where do immune system cells develop?
A
The liver in the spleen
3
Q
By what week do immune stem cells develop in the fetus?
A
ninth week
4
Q
What becomes the primary source of stem cells in the body?
A
bone marrow
5
Q
Where do lymphocytes develop in the body?
2
A
bone marrow and thymus
6
Q
What kind of lymphocytes predominate in a new born?
A
TH2
7
Q
What kind of lymphocytes predominate in ages?
A
TH1
8
Q
What are TH2 lymphocytes?
A
humoral immune system
9
Q
T cells respond better to what kind of antigen?
A
respond better to MHCs that are displaying a protein
10
Q
B cells respond better to what kind of antigen?
A
respond better to MHCs displaying polysaccarhide capsules and lipids
11
Q
What are TH1 lymphoctyes?
A
cell mediated immune system
12
Q
What two things impair the immune system? These things are often unrecognized and present as an autoimmune disease
A
stress
depression
13
Q
Why does incidence of cancer increase as we age?
A
immune system begins to wane
-do a worse job of recognizing cancer cells as non-self
14
Q
What are the two intrinsic systems of the immune system?
Describe them?
3 for each
A
Innate (nonspecific) defense system
- attacks everything
- not learned
- no memory
Adaptive (specific) defense system
- learned/has memory
- develops as we age
- more system based
15
Q
What are the surface barriers of the innate immune system?
2
A
Skin
Mucous membranes
16
Q
What are the internal defenses of the innate immune system?
5
What are the goals of these defenses?
A
- phagocytes
- Fever
- NK cells
- Antimicrobal proteins
- Inflammation
Inhibit the spread of invaders
17
Q
What are the internal defenses of the adaptive immune system?
2
A
Humoral (antibody mediated) immunity- B cells Cellular immunity (cell mediated)- T cells
18
Q
What does fever accomplish?
A
disrupts the metabolism of pathogenic organims/viruses
19
Q
What do B-cells do?
2
A
Clean up viruses
Alert other Bcells
20
Q
What do killer T cells do?
A
destroy infected cells with cytotoxin
21
Q
What do helper t cells do?
A
Call for backup
22
Q
What do macrophages do?
2
A
Clean up viruses
Call in the T cells
23
Q
What is the first and second line defenses in your body?
A
INNATE
First line = physical barriers
Second line = antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells
24
Q
Through what mechanism do most internal innate defenses attack pathogens?
(most important)
A
inflammation
25
What is the third line of defense in the body?
adaptive defense system
26
Which immune system is faster, innate or adaptive?
innate
| adaptive is much faster the second time you encounter the same pathogen
27
Name some protective chemicals that inhibit or destroy microorganisms through the innate defense system?
5
1. Skin acidity (skin is a little acidic)
2. Lipids in sebum (glandular secretion) and dermcidin in sweat
3. HCl and protein-digesting enzymes of stomach mucosae
4. Lysozyme of saliva and lacrimal fluid
5. Mucus (GI tract and respiratory- catches dusts, particles, pathogens, with its cilia)
28
What are some modifications made by the respiratory system that act as innate defenses?
2
Mucus-coated hairs in nose
| Cilia and mucus elevator in upper respiratory tract
29
What cells/substances are part of the inflammatory response?
| 4
1. macrophages
2. Mast cells
3. WBCs
4. Inflammatory chemicals
30
What are the types of antimicrobial proteins?
| 2
1. interferons
| 2. complement proteins
31
What are the chief phagocytic cells in the body?
macrophages
32
Where do macrophages develop from?
monocytes in the blood
33
Where are free macrophages found?
| 4
1. Alveolar macrophages
2. Sinus macrophages
3. Lymph nodes
4. Spleen
34
Give an example of where fixed macrophages are found?
| 2
Kupffer cells are found in the liver and lymph areas
| Microglia in brain
35
When do neutrophils become phagocytic?
encountering infectious material in tissues
36
describe the steps in the mechanism of phagocytosis
| 5
1. Adherence of phagocyte to the pathogen
2. Pseudopods engulf the particle (antigen) into a phagosome
3. Phagosomes fuse with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
4. Invaders in phagolysosome are digested by proteolytic enzymes (acid hydrolase enzymes)
5. Indigestible and residual material is removed by exocytosis
37
What facilitated the adhereance of the phagocyte to the pathogen?
Opsonization
| -the coating of a pathogen by complement proteins (or antibodies) marking them for destruction.
38
Name the steps for phagocyte mobilization
| 4
Leukocytosis
Margination
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
39
What happens during leukocytosis?
release of neutrophils from bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors from injured cells
40
What happens during margination?
neutrophils cling to the walls of capillaries in the inflamed area
41
What happens during diapedesis?
neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls and begin phagocytosis
42
What happens during chemotaxis?
inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injury site
43
What do mast cells bind and ingest?
wide range of bacteria
44
What are eosinophils weakly phagocytic towards?
parasitic worms
45
What cell types are phagocytic?
| 4
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Mast cells
Monocytes
46
What chemicals inside the phagocyte help with digestion of pathogens?
3
Acid hydrolase enzymes
Cell-killing free radicals
Oxidizing chemicals
47
Describe the shape of NK cells
Large granular lymphocytes
48
What do NK cells target?
| 2
Cells that lack the "self" cell surface receptors
- cancer cells
- virus-infected cells
49
How do they kill the target cells?
inducing apoptosis by secreting perforins
50
How do they enhance the imflammatory response?
secreting potent chemicals that enhance it
51
What are the functions of inflammation?
| 3
1. Prevents the spread of damaging agents
2. Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
3. Sets the stage for repair
52
5 cardinal signs of the inflammatory response?
1. Redness
2. Heat
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. (And sometimes 5. Impairment of function)
53
What are TLR's?
resceptors on macrophages and epithelial cells. They recognize microbes/pathogens and signal an immune response
54
What do TLR's trigger the release of?
cytokines
55
What do cytokines promote?
inflammation
56
Name the different types of inflammatory mediators
| 6
```
Histamines (from mast cells)
Blood Protiens
Kinins
Prostaglandins
Leukotrines
Complement
```
57
What things release inflammatory mediators?
| 5
1. Injured tissue
2. phagocytes
3. lymphocytes
4. basophils
5. mast cells
58
How do inflammatory chemicals affect blood flow to the injured area?
2
1. Dilation of arterioles (hyperemia-excess blood in vessels)
2. Increases permeability of local capillaries causing edema
59
What does exudate contain?
| 3
proteins
clotting factors
antibodies
60
What are the funciton of the surge of exudate?
| 2
1. Moves foreign material into lymphatic vessels
| 2. Delivers clotting proteins to form a scaffold for repair and to isolate the area
61
What does the release of leukocytosis inducing factors result in?
phagocytosis of the pathogen and clean up of cell debris
62
What does the release of chemical mediators such as histamine, complement,
kinins, prostaglandins, etc. result in?
3
1. vasodilation of arterioles
2. Increased capillary permeability
3. Attraction of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes through chemotaxis
63
What is the funciton of inteferons and complements?
| 3
1. Attack microorganisms directly
2. Hinder microorganisms’ ability to reproduce
3. reduce inflammation
64
How are INFs secreted?
by virus infected cells (to signal other cells to produce antiviral proteins that block viral reproduction
65
What kind of INFs do lymphocytes produce?
gamma (γ), or immune interferon
66
What kind of INFs do most other WBCs produce?
alpha (α) interferon
67
What kind of INF do fibroblasts produce?
beta (β) interferon
68
What other cells do inferons activate?
macrophages and mobilize NKs
69
What have we genetically engineered INFs for recently?
3
Hep
Genital warts
MS
70
What are complements secreted by? 2
hepatocytes and monocytes
71
What complements are commonly involved in the inflammatory response?
C1-C9
72
How do complements kill bacteria and other pathogens?
cell lysis
73
Describe the classical pathway of complement activation
| 2
1. Antibodies bind to invading organisms
| 2. C1 binds to the antigen-antibody complexes (complement fixation)
74
Describe the alternative pathway for complement activation
Triggered when activated C3, B, D, and P interact on the surface of microorganisms
(no antibody)
75
What are the funciton of the activated compliment?
| 3
1. Enhances inflammation
2. Promotes phagocytosis
3. Causes cell lysis
76
What does the C3b initiate in the complement pathway?
| 2
1. formaiton of a membrane attack complex = cell lysis by causing massive influx of water = pop!
2. can also causes opsonization
77
C3a causes?
inflammation
78
What causes the fever to start?
Leukocytes and macrophages exposed to foreign substances secrete pyrogens
79
How come our body cells can tolerate the heat of a fever but other cells cant?
Pyrogens reset the body’s thermostat upward
80
Benefits of a moderate fever?
| 2
1. Causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc (needed by microorganisms)
2. Increases metabolic rate, which speeds up repair
81
What are the two systems of adaptive defenses?
| 2
1. Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity (B cells)
| 2. Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity (T cells)
82
What are two important funcitons of antigens?
Immunogenicity and reactivity
83
What is immunogenicity?
ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibodies
84
What is reactivity referring to?
ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes and antibodies released
85
Examples of complete antigens?
| 4
foreign protein, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids
86
What are haptens?
Incomplete anitgens
87
How do haptens function?
| 2
1. attach to body proteins to become immunogenic
| 2. stimulate the immune system to mount a harmful attack on its own body
88
Examples of haptens? 4
poison ivy, animal dander, detergents, and cosmetics
