Lab assessment of Immune Function

Question 1

Cells in natural immunity?

Answer 1

Interferon
Lysozome
Complement

Question 2

What do infereons do?

Answer 2

activates macrophages for viruses

Question 3

What do lysozomes do?

Answer 3

Its produced by macrophages and likes to target the cell walls of bacteria.

Question 4

What is the complement system the primary mediator of?

Answer 4

humoral response

Question 5

What is the complement system an important part of?

2

Answer 5

1. inflammatory response

2. Host defenses against infection

Question 6

What are complements (what kind of substance?)

Answer 6

glycoporteins

Question 7

All pathways in the complement system end up at what complement component?

Answer 7

C3

Question 8

What is the difference between the three types of complement pathways?

Answer 8

Classical pathway: Antigen:Antibody mediated (
MB-Lectin Pathway: Mannose binding lectin binds mannose on pathogen surface
Alternative pathway: Binds directly to pathogen surface

Question 9

C3 is responsible for three things that help in pathogen destruction. What are they?

Answer 9

OIL
Opsonization- first attachment of pathogen
Inflammation- increase blood permeability and vasodilation
Lysis- destrucion of cell membrane by perforin

Question 10

After C3 does its job with OIL what is attracted to the inflammaed area?

Answer 10

clotting factors

Question 11

In the classical pathway what antibodies are involved and what do they bind to?
2
3

Answer 11

IgG and IgM

Virus
Bacteria
Autoantigen

Question 12

What complement componenets are associated with the lectin pathway?

Answer 12

C4 and C2

Question 13

What is the major goal of the complement system?

Answer 13

1. deposit the C3 fragment on the target (pathogen)

Question 14

What does the deposition of the C3b target do?

Answer 14

marks the target for immune adherence and phagocytic destruction

Question 15

What does the complement pathway create?

Answer 15

membrane attack complex

Question 16

When would you measure complements?

Answer 16

1. Recurrant infection with normal WBC and no immunosuppresion
2. Diagnose auto-antibody mediated immune syndromes
3. Identify immune complex mediated syndromes
   (lupus, Sjogrens, glomerulonnephritis)

Question 17

What test do we order to check deficienceies in the classical pathway?

Answer 17

CH50

Question 18

What test do we order to check deficiencies in the alternative pathway?

Answer 18

AH50

Question 19

Decreased complement levels may be seen with?

7

Answer 19

1. Recurrent microbial infections (usually bacterial)
2. Autoimmune diseases, i
3. Hereditary angioedema
   Acquired angioedema
4. Various types of kidney disease, including: glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, membranous nephritis, IgA nephropathy
5. Malnutrition
6. Septicemia
7. Serum sickness (immune complex disease)

Question 20

To look for Humoral Immunodeficiency/Cellular Immunodeficiency what do we want to test?
4

Answer 20

1. IgG, IgA, IgM,
2. Full Blood Count and Diff,
3. Lymphocyte subsets,
4. HIV testing if indicated

Question 21

If your neutrophils are elevated but your lymphocytes are low what does that indicate?

Answer 21

bacterial infection

Question 22

What do eosinophils target?2

Answer 22

parasites and allergies

Question 23

What does the CBC establish?

Answer 23

presence or absense of lymphopenia but you probably want a diff to figure out what kind of infection

Question 24

Whats a left shift?

Answer 24

Getting more WBC. WBC bands may come out too.

Determining if patient has an inflammatory response. Neutrophils goes up

Bands have increased

Question 25

What do neutrophils defend against? | 4

Answer 25

Bacteria Fungus Physiological stress (even exercise mildly) Steriod therapy ANY INFLAMMATION

Question 26

What percentage of the WBC are neutrophils?

Answer 26

50-60%

Question 27

How fast do neutrophils show up?

Answer 27

90 min

Question 28

What diseases can cause neutropenia? | 5

Answer 28

``` Viral diseases: hep flu rubella mumps OVERWHELMING BACTERIAL INFECTION (has to be really bad) ```

Question 29

What medications can cause neutropenia? | 4

Answer 29

anitbiotics lithium phenothiazines TCAs

Question 30

Eosinophils are associated with what kind of reactions?

Answer 30

antibody-antigen

Question 31

Whats the most common reason for increased eosinophils?

Answer 31

Allergic reactions - hay fever - asthma

Question 32

Whats the most common cause of a decrease in eosinophils?

Answer 32

corticosteriods

Question 33

Percentage of WBCs that are eosinophils?

Answer 33

1-3%

Question 34

What three things do basophils contain? | 3

Answer 34

heparin histamines serotonin

Question 35

What are tissue basophils called?

Answer 35

mast cells

Question 36

Why do we do basophil counts?

Answer 36

to analyze an allergic reaction

Question 37

What is the body's second line defense against iinfection?

Answer 37

phagocytes

Question 38

What percent of WBC do monocytes make up?

Answer 38

3-8%

Question 39

What are the monocytes in the tissue? brain? Liver?

Answer 39

histiocytes microglia Kupffer cells

Question 40

What percent of WBC do lymphocytes make up?

Answer 40

20-30%

Question 41

When you think lymphocytes what pathogens do you think?

Answer 41

virus

Question 42

Lymphocytes can be stored for years. Why is this good and bad?

Answer 42

They are good because they make memory. and can make a better response to second exposure They are bad because they kill and stay around still. The longer they are around the more risk they could become cancerous

Question 43

Do you have more T or B lymphocytes?

Answer 43

T

Question 44

In the WBC how are T lymphocytes reported?

Answer 44

together. you need to do a differential for

Question 45

What can cause lymphocytosis?

Answer 45

TB and viral infections

Question 46

When do lymphocytes go below 500?

Answer 46

chemotherapy

Question 47

Whats the normal WBC count for adults?

Answer 47

4500-11,000 cells/cm2