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Microbiology > Immunology pt 2 > Flashcards

Immunology pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive immunity is divided into:

A

Humoral immunity & Cellular immunity

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2
Q

Humoral immunity (antibody mediated)

A

*B-cell driven
*Eliminates extracellular pathogens

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3
Q

Cellular immunity (T cell mediated)

A

*T-cell driven
*Eliminates intracellular pathogen

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

-recognize pathogen for future so body recognizes it faster

-better protected 2nd time around

-Lymphocytes

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5
Q

Humoral Immunity is:

A. Mediated by B lymphocytes
B. Develops in bone marrow
C. B cells carry multiple B cell receptors (BCRs) which is a membrane-bound derivative of the Ab (antibody)
D. B cells may be triggered to proliferate into plasma cells
E. Some B cells produce memory cells
F. All of the above

A

F. All of the Above

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6
Q

Cellular immunity

A. Mediated by T lymphocytes
B. Matures in thymus
C. the predominant subsets are Cytotoxic (CD8) and Helper (CD4)
D. T cell receptors (TCR) help w/ antigen recognition
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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7
Q

Lymphoid system includes:

A. Lymphatic vessels
B. Primary lymphoid organs
C. Secondary lymphoid organs
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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8
Q

Which of the following are three major functions of the Lymphoid system:

A. To concentrate Ag from all parts of the
body into a few lymphoid organs

B. To circulate lymphocytes through
lymphoid organs so that antigen can
interact with rare Ag-specific cells

C. To carry products of the immune
response (Ab and effector cells) to
the bloodstream and tissues

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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9
Q

T/F Lymphatic vessels transport lymph

A

T

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10
Q

Lymphoid tissues include:

A. MALT (mucosa-associated
lymphoid tissue)

B. SALT (skin-associated lymphoid
tissue)

C. GALT (gut-associated lymphoid
tissue)

D. BALT (bronchus-associated
lymphoid tissue)

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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11
Q

Primary lymphoid organs are:

A. bone marrow
B. thymus
C. lungs
D. Only A & B

A

D. Only A & B

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12
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs are:

A. lymph nodes
B. Spleen
C. Tonsils & adenoids
D. Appendix
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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13
Q

The spleen:

A. filters blood of old RBC/platelets/debris (by macrophages)

B. Is the site for lymphocyte proliferation + immune surveillance/response

C. stores iron for hemoglobin

D.consists of white pulp and red pulp

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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14
Q

Antigens:

A.used to describe compounds that reacts w/ an Ab or Ag receptor on lymphocyte

B. proteins & polysaccharides induce strong responses, lipids/nucleic acids do not

C. Best antigens are proteins

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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15
Q

Antibody “Ab” (immunoglobin):

A. Basic unit is the monomer
B. made of 4 amino acid chains (2 are heavy & 2 are light)
C.variable region that is unique to each Ab and binds to a specific ‘Fab’ region
D. constant region (Fc region that binds to Fc receptors)
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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16
Q

Protective outcomes of Ab-Ag binding:

A. Neutralization
B. Immobilization
C. Agglutination
D. Opsonization
E. Opsonization
F. Complement activation
G. Ab dependent cellular cytotoxicity
H. All of the above

A

H. All of the above

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17
Q

Neutralization:

A. prevents cell & viruses + toxins interactions by binding to virus

B. Ab binding to cellular structure (ex: flagellum) to interfere w/ fxn

C. bacterial cell clumping by specific Ab bc bac is more easily phagocytized

D. All of the above

A

A. prevents cell & viruses + toxins interactions by binding to virus

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18
Q

Immobilization & prevention adherence:

A. prevents cell & viruses + toxins interactions by binding to virus

B. Ab binding to cellular structure (ex: flagellum) to interfere w/ fxn

C. bacterial cell clumping by specific Ab bc bac is more easily phagocytized

D. All of the above

A

B. Ab binding to cellular structure (ex: flagellum) to interfere w/ fxn

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19
Q

Agglutination & precipitation:

A. prevents cell & viruses + toxins interactions by binding to virus

B. Ab binding to cellular structure (ex: flagellum) to interfere w/ fxn

C. bacterial cell clumping by specific Ab bc bac is more easily phagocytized

D. All of the above

A

C. bacterial cell clumping by specific Ab bc bac is more easily phagocytized

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20
Q

Opsonization:

A. coating bacteria w/ Ab to enhance phagocytosis
B. Ab binding triggers classical pathway
C. multiple Abs bind to cell and makes it a target
D. All of the above

A

A. coating bacteria w/ Ab to enhance phagocytosis

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21
Q

Complement Activation:
A. coating bacteria w/ Ab to enhance phagocytosis
B. Ab binding triggers classical pathway
C. multiple Abs bind to cell and makes it a target
D. All of the above

A

B. Ab binding triggers classical pathway

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22
Q

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity:

Complement Activation:
A. coating bacteria w/ Ab to enhance phagocytosis
B. Ab binding triggers classical pathway
C. multiple Abs bind to cell and makes it a target
D. All of the abov

A

C. multiple Abs bind to cell and makes it a target

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23
Q

ADCC: antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

A

-Nonspecific cytotoxic
cells are directed to
specific target cells by
binding to the Fc region
of antibody bound to
surface antigens on the
target cells.

-Various
substances secreted by
the nonspecific cytotoxic
cells then mediate target-
cell destruction

24
Q

5 classes of Ab:

A. IgM
B. IgG
C.IgA
D. IgD
E. IgE
F. All of the above

A

F. All of the above

25
Q

IgM:

A. First Ab to respond
B. Primarily involved in bloodstream reactions
C. most efficient in eliciting “classical” complement cascade
D Effective in agglutination & precipitation reactions
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

26
Q

IgG:

A. Dominant Ab in circulation
B. Only Ab that can cross the placenta
C. Antibody of memory
D. Present in colostrum (first breast milk produced after birth)
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

27
Q

IgA:

A. found in breast milk(mucous, tears, & saliva)
B. Monomer in serum
C. Dimer in secretions
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

28
Q

IgD:
A. monomer
B. maturation of antibody response
C. <1% of total Ab in circulation
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

29
Q

IgE:

A. Involved in allergic rxns
B. Binds to Fc region on mast cells + basophils
C. Exist as monomers + help emilinate parasites
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

30
Q

Lymphocyte characteristic include:

A, Immature
B. Naive
C. Activated
D. Effectors
E Memory lymphocytes
F. All of the above

A

F. All of the above

31
Q

Immature lymphocyte:

A.lack fully developed Ag specific receptor

B. have Ag receptor but yet to encounter one

C. Bound to Ag and able to proliferate

D. Descent from activated lymphocytes, produce specific cytokines. (Plasma cells, T helper, cytotoxic T cells)

E. long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes, responsible for speed/effectiveness of secondary response & remember Ag

A

A.lack fully developed Ag specific receptor

32
Q

Naive lymphocyte:

A.lack fully developed Ag specific receptor

B. have Ag receptor but yet to encounter one

C. Bound to Ag and able to proliferate

D. Descent from activated lymphocytes, produce specific cytokines. (Plasma cells, T helper, cytotoxic T cells)

E. long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes, responsible for speed/effectiveness of secondary response & remember Ag

A

B. have Ag receptor but yet to encounter one

33
Q

Activated Lymphocyte:

A.lack fully developed Ag specific receptor

B. have Ag receptor but yet to encounter one

C. Bound to Ag and able to proliferate

D. Descent from activated lymphocytes, produce specific cytokines. (Plasma cells, T helper, cytotoxic T cells)

E. long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes, responsible for speed/effectiveness of secondary response & remember Ag

A

C. Bound to Ag and able to proliferate

34
Q

Effector Lymphocyte:

A.lack fully developed Ag specific receptor

B. have Ag receptor but yet to encounter one

C. Bound to Ag and able to proliferate

D. Descent from activated lymphocytes, produce specific cytokines. (Plasma cells, T helper, cytotoxic T cells)

E. long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes, responsible for speed/effectiveness of secondary response & remember Ag

A

D. Descent from activated lymphocytes, produce specific cytokines. (Plasma cells, T helper, cytotoxic T cells)

35
Q

Memory Lymphocyte:

A.lack fully developed Ag specific receptor

B. have Ag receptor but yet to encounter one

C. Bound to Ag and able to proliferate

D. Descent from activated lymphocytes, produce specific cytokines. (Plasma cells, T helper, cytotoxic T cells)

E. long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes, responsible for speed/effectiveness of secondary response & remember Ag

A

E. long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes, responsible for speed/effectiveness of secondary response & remember Ag

36
Q

Antigen binds to B cell receptor:

A. Ag is internalized by Bcell
and degraded into peptide
fragments

B. Peptide fragments loaded
into MHC class II molecules
(HLA in humans)

C. Loaded MHC class II
molecules migrate to B cell
surface and present peptides to T cells (antigen-
presenting cells [APC])

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

37
Q

T/F: In many cases, B cell needs confirmation from T helper cells

A

T

-TH cell releases cytokines
that activates B cells to
divide and differentiate

-If the T cell does not
recognize the Ag the
immune response may
become “tolerant” to that
antigen
B Lymphocyte and
Antibody Response

38
Q

In a primary response, B cells undergo changes to enhance immune response. these changes are:

A. Affinity maturation
-B cells that bind to Ag the tightest and longest are more likely to proliferate

B. Class switching:
-B cells programmed to differentiate into plasma cells to secrete IgM, some develop into IgG

C. Memory formation:
-B cells that have undergone class switching and produce IgG Ab

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

39
Q

Antibody diversity involves:

A. Gene rearrangement: maturing B cell selects 3 segments (V-D-J)

B. Imprecise joining: nucleotide deleted/added

C. Combinational associations: groupings of light/heavy chains

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

40
Q

T/F: B cells that have undergone class switching produce IgG antibody, the antibody of memory

A

T

41
Q

Characteristics of secondary antibody response:

A. Often eliminate invaders before noticeable harm is
done

B. Some memory B cells will differentiate into
plasma cells

C. Results in rapid production of antibodies

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

42
Q

T dependent antigens:

A

Evoke immune response w/ aid of T helper cells

43
Q

T independent antigens:

A. Can activate B cells w/o helper T cells using carbs/lipids

B. Includes some polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides

C. B cell receptors bind antigen simultaneously

D. Immune systems of young children (~2yr) respond poorly

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

44
Q

T cells:

A. never produce antibodies
B. armed w/effectors that interact directly w/target cells
C. T cell receptor does not react w/free antigen
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

45
Q

Antigen Recognition and response:

A. Antigen cradled in groove of major MHC molecules

B. MHC I: bind endogenous antigen

C. MHC II: bind exogenous antigen

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

46
Q

Cytotoxic T “killer” cells:

A. Proliferate + differentiate to destroy infected/cancerous cells

B. CD8 marker

C. Recognize MHC I

D. Secrete cytokines

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

47
Q

Helper T cells:

A. Help activate B cells (secret Ab), macrophages and activate killer T cells

B. CD4 marker

C. Recognize MHC II

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

48
Q

Function of CD8 cells:

A. Induce apoptosis in “self” cells & graft rejection

B. Nucleated target cells degrade portion of proteins

C. Secretes cytokines

D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

49
Q

Functions of CD4 cells:

A. Orchestrate immune response
B. Recognizr antigen presented by MHC class II molecules
C. If CD4 cells recognizes antigen, cytokines are delivered
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

50
Q

Role of TH cells in B cell activation:

A. If TH cell encounters B cell bearing peptide:
MHC II complex; TH cell responds by producing cytokines

B. B cell is activated in response to cytokine
stimulation

C. B cell proliferates and undergoes class switching

D. Also drives formation of B memory cells

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

51
Q

Role of TH cells in macrophage activation

A. Macrophages routinely engulf invading microbes
resistant to lysosomal killing

B. TH cells recognize macrophage with engulfed
microbes resistant to killing

C. TH cells activate macrophages by delivering cytokines
that induce more potent destructive mechanisms

D. If immune response can not deal with the microbial
infection, activated macrophages can fuse to form a
giant cell and together with other macrophages,
PMNs, and T cells can contain the infection within a granuloma thus preventing dissemination of infection

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

52
Q

Negative Selection:

A. Process of eliminating lymphocytes that
express “self” antigens (clonal deletion)

B. Failure of clonal deletion leads to production
of autoantibodies

C. B cell w/ BCR is exposed to Ags w/n bone
marrow and all that bind “self” antigens
undergo apoptosis

D. Naïve B cells that recognize Ag in secondary
lymphoid tissues are eliminated if they do not
receive second signal from T helper cell

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

53
Q

Positive Selection

A

– Only those T cells that recognize MHC are
“positively” selected
* TCR recognizes a peptide:MHC complex

54
Q

Negative Selection

A

T cells that recognize “self” antigens are
negatively selected

55
Q

Natural Killers”

A. They lack antigen specificity
* No antigen receptors

B. Mediate lysis of host cells altered by stress, viral
infection, or transformed into tumor cells (these cells
express less class I MHC)

C. Killing is regulated by the balance b/w positive signals
generated by the engagement of activating receptors
and negative signals from inhibitory receptors

D. The expression of relatively high levels of class I MHC
molecules on normal cells protects them against NK-cell-mediated killing

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

56
Q

Natural Killer cells:

A. Involved in innate immunity
B.Antibacterial immunity
C. Response to lipid antigens specific to tumor cells
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

Microbiology (10 decks)

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