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Year 2 - CP > Immunology Summary > Flashcards

Immunology Summary Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What are individuals with chronic granulomatous disease at risk of?

A

Staphlococcus infections

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2
Q

Name two broad spectrum antibiotics used for neutropenic prophylaxis

A

Penicillin and gentamicin

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3
Q

What does granulocyte stimulating factor do?

A

Stimulates bone marrow to make neutrophils

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4
Q

Name two antivirals used as prophylaxis for T cell deficient patients

A

Acyclovir and Gangcyclovir

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5
Q

List three causes of T cell deficiencies

A

Congenital T helper cell dysfunction
Drugs e.g. cyclosporin
Viruses e.g. HIV

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6
Q

What are hypogammaglobulinaemias?

A

Not enough antibodies

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7
Q

List three causes of hypogammaglobulinaemia?

A

Congential X linked
Multiple Myeloma
Burns

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8
Q

What are individuals with hypogammaglobulinaemias at risk of?

A 
Strep Pneumoniae infections (encapsulated)
Giardia Lambia (parasite)
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9
Q

Are compliment deficiencies common?

A

No

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10
Q

What bacteria are individuals with a compliment deficiency of C5 - C8 at risk of?

A

N.meningititdis and S.pnemonia

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11
Q

What are people who have had a splenectomy at risk of?

A

S.pnemonia, N meningitides and HIB

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12
Q

What do pattern recognition receptors on neutrophils and macrophages recognise?

A

PAMPS e.g. lipopolysaccharides

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13
Q

Give an example of a patter recognition receptor

A

Toll like receptors

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14
Q

What do TLR3 and TLR4 recognise

A

TLR3: Viral RNA (associated with HSV encephalitis)
TLR4: Lipopolysaccharides

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15
Q

What molecules are involved from TLR recognising PAMPS –> cytokine release?

A

IRAK4 and MYD88

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16
Q

What can deficiencies in IRAK4 and MYD88 result in

A

Poor inflammation réponse often with low CRP levels

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17
Q

What gene do neutrophils and macrophages require to make hydrochloric acid in the phagolysosome?

A

GP91 (phox)

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18
Q

What happens if neutrophils and macrophages don’t have GP91 (phox)?

A

You get a build up of non functioning macrophages (granuloma) = chronic granulomatous disease

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19
Q

Give two features of chronic granulomatous disease

A

Liver Bone and Lung abscesses

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20
Q

What are the common bacteria causing chronic granulomatous disease?

A

Staphlococcus and klebsiella

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21
Q

How is chronic granulomatous disease treated?

A

BM transplant

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22
Q

Give two ways to test for chronic granulomatous disease

A

Measure dihydrohadamine reduction

Nitro blue dye (healthy people will turn dye purple)

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23
Q

What does a deficiency in complement factors C2 and C4 result in?

A

SLE

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24
Q

What does a defect in Brutons Tyrosine Kinase cause?

A

X linked ammaglobulinaemia

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25
What is Brutons Tyrosine Kinase needed for?
B cell signalling and maturation | Without B cell can't leave bone marrow and mature
26
What is more serious low IgG or IgA
IgG requires IV antibiotics for life
27
What does rituximab target?
CD20 receptors on B cells
28
Are deficits in B cell or T cells more severe?
T cells as they are needed to signal B cells
29
Name two defects in T cells?
SCID (severe combined immune deficiency) | DOCK8
30
What is SCID
Defect in T cells | Paediatric emergency
31
Give two types of Immunomodulators
Monoclonal antibodies or Fusion Proteins
32
What is immunopotentiation
Enhancing the immune response
33
Give three general ways of immunopotentiation
Vaccination (active and passive) Replacement Therapies Immune Stimulants
34
Give five immunopotentiation replacement therapies
``` Alpha interferon (hep c) Beta interferon (MS) Gamma interferon (Chronic granulomatous disease) G-CSF (enocourages BM to increase neutrophils) Pooled human immunoglobulin (antibody deficiency states) ```
35
Give four general ways of immunosuppresion
Corticosteroids Cytotoxic Agents Anti proliferation agents DMARDS
36
How do calcineurin inhibitors act as immunosuppressants with examples
Cyclosporin A and Tacrolimus (FK506) Stop factors that stimulate IL2 and INFgamma Means less T cell activation
37
How do M-TOR inhibitors act as immunosuppressants with examples
Siroliumus (Rapamycin) - Macrolide antibiotic Inhibits M-TOR and therefor IL2 production Stops T cell cycle arrest at G1-S phase
38
How do antimetabolites act as immunosuppressants with examples
AZA, Methotrexate and Cyclophosphamide | Interrupt metabolites needed for cell production so impaired DNA in T and B cells
39
What is AZA, methotrexate and Clyclophosphamide used for?
AZA: Automine and allograft Methorexate: RA Cyclophospamide: Wegners Vasculitis
40
What ILs can DMARDS target
IL1 and IL6
41
What does DMARD targeting TNF increase the risk of
TB
42
What type of drug is Rituximab
DMARD Targets CD20 receptors on B cell surface so they can't mature Used in lymphomas and leukaemia
43
Give two examples of immunomodulators
Anti IgE: Omalizumab (used in asthma) | Anti IL5: Mepolizumab
44
What are ANAs
Antinuclear antibodies | Recognised structure of nucleus of body and attack it = AI disorder
45
What are ENAs?
Extractable nucelar agents | ANAs target
46
Give two examples of ENAs
RNP (ribonuclear protein) RO and LA | Double stranded DNA
47
What pattern do anti DNA ANAs show on fluorescence?
Homogenous pattern
48
What pattern do anti histone and DNP show on fluorescence?
Homogenous pattern
49
What pattern do anti RHO and LA show on fluorescence?
Speckled
50
What tests do you do to look for double stranded DNA antibodies
Cirthidia Luciae Assay Farr assay ELISA
51
What tests do you to do identify ENA
Immunoblots ELISA Combination agents
52
What antibodies is rheumatoid factor agaisnt
IgG
53
How specific and sensitive is RF test
70%
54
Where can RF also be seen
Hep B and vasculitis
55
How specific and sensitive is anti CCP test
95% specific 70% sensitive
56
What is ANCA
anti neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody
57
What two types of ANCA can you have?
Cytoplasmic ANCA | Perinuclear ANCA
58
What do cytoplasmic ANCA and Perinuclae ANCA tagrte
CANCA: PR3 antigent PANCA: MPO antigen
59
What diseases is ANCA present in?
``` Wegners granulomatosis (PR3) Micro Polyangitis (MPO) Churgstrauss Syndrom (MPO) ```
60
What is the gold standard for recognising weighers granulomatosis, micro polyagnitis and churgstrauss syndrome?
Histology | ANCA is good but not gold standard
61
What antibodies does primary billiary sclerosis show?
anti mictochorndiral antibodies
62
Give examples of class 1 and class 2 HLA
Class 1: HLA A, B , C | Class 2: HLA DR, DQ and DP
63
Where are class 1 and class 2 HLA found?
Class 1: all nucleated cells | Class 2: B and T cells
64
How are HLA's categorised for transplants?
HLA (broad) for Tissue HLA (Split) HLA (allele) for BM
65
Describe Direct and indirect rejection in transplants
Direct: donor cells present themselves to recipients T cell Indirect: B cells take up donor antigens and present them to T cells
66
Give two tests for donor matching
cRF (calculation reaction frequency) | Cross match test (donor lymphocytes and recipients serum and see if any binding)

Year 2 - CP (4 decks)

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