Immunomodulation Flashcards
(41 cards)
When is immunomodulation up-regulated?
- cancer -> increase action of cytokines, APCs, Abs
- infectious diseases -> increase adaptive and innate immunity
When is immunomodulation down-regulated?
- autoimmune disease -> limit cytokine action, increase regulatory T cells, prevent T cell activation
- transplantation -> increase regulatory T cell
What is tumor infiltrating leukocytes therapy?
- remove T cells -> activate then -> give them back
- can lead to bystander death
What is chimeric antigen receptor therapy?
- inject DNA into T cells to express a receptor for specific Ag -> return T cells to patient
- can lead to cytokine storms
What are the characteristics of monoclonal antibodies?
- expensive to produce
- single Ab species
- bind to single specific site
- recognize particular protein form
What are the characteristics of polyclonal antibodies?
- cheap to produce
- mixed pop. of Abs
- bind to different areas of target
- tolerant of small changes in protein structure
What is the main difference between cancer treatment vaccines and normal vaccines?
cancer vaccines are meant to treat NOT PREVENT
How are cancer treatment vaccines made?
from tumor, tumor-associated Ags, & dendritic cells
Where do the antibodies and effector cells bind in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity?
- Abs bind to Fab region
- effector cells bind to Fc region
What are immune checkpoints in immunotherapy?
slow down immune response
What are the types of immunotherapy?
- immune checkpoints
- T-cell transfer therapy
- monoclonal Ab
- treatment vaccine
- immune system modulator
What are examples of immune checkpoints?
- CTLA-4 on T cells -> binds to B7 on APCs
- PD-1 on T cells-> binds to PD-1L on tumor cells
What can happen if CTLA-4 and PD-1 are inhibited?
increase immune response
What are the 2 types of T cell transfer therapy?
tumor infiltrating leukocytes (TIL) & chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)
What is TIL therapy?
- remove T cells, activates them, returns to patient
- can cause bystander death
What is CAR therapy?
- remove T cells, inject DNA into T cells to express receptor for specific Ag, returned to patient
- can lead to cytokine storms
What is a monoclonal antibody?
- expensive to produce
- single Ab species
- only bind single specific site
- recognize particular protein form
What is a polyclonal antibody?
- cheap to produce
- mixed population of Abs
- bind to different areas of target
- tolerates small changes in protein structure
How are cancer treatment vaccines different from other vaccines?
meant to treat disease not prevent it
How can cancer treatment vaccines be made?
- patient tumor
- tumor associated Ags
- patient dendritic cells
How can you decrease the immune response?
increase action of CTLA-4
What is antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity?
- Ab bind to target at Fab region -> effector cells bind to Fc region
- release cytotoxic granules to induce apoptosis
- ex: perofrins & granzymes
What occurs in the initiation classical complement system?
- IgM or IgG bind to microbes
- some microbes lyse or are killed by infiltrating cells
What is neutralization?
- Abs block/neutralize inefectivity of microbes -> prevent infection/spred
- Abs block action of microbial tocins
