Vaccines for Infectious Diseases

Question 1

What are the characterizations of passive immunization?

Answer 1

• temporary
• prevent dieases AFTER exposure
• protect immunosuppressed patients
• block action of bacterial toxins

Question 2

What are examples of passive immunization?

Answer 2

• snake bite anti-venom
• passive transfer of Ig from mother to child
• breast feeding

Question 3

What are the characterizations of active immunization?

Answer 3

• delayed immunity but more permanent
• prevent disease BEFORE exposure

Question 4

What are examples of active immunization?

Answer 4

• vaccines
• natural exposure to Ags from pathogens

Question 5

What is the effectiveness of vaccines?

Answer 5

• evoke protective levels of immunity
• induce immune memory

Question 6

What is the availability of vaccines?

Answer 6

readily cultured in bulk

Question 7

What is the stability of vaccines?

Answer 7

stable under extreme climatic conditions

Question 8

What are the types of vaccines?

Answer 8

• inactivated/killed
• live/attenuated
• taxoid
• subunit
• recombinant protein
• conjugate polysacc.
• mRNA

Question 9

What are the characteristics of inactivated/killed vaccines?

Answer 9

• inactivation of pathogen by chemical means to generate preparation that induces an immune response but DOES NOT replicate in host
• safe

Question 10

What are examples of inactivated/killed vaccines?

Answer 10

• salk polio
• influenza
• hepatitis A
• cholera

Question 11

What are the characteristics of live/attenuated vaccines?

Answer 11

• “weakened” preparation
• attenuated by environmental conditions or genetic engineering
• not as safe due to potential for reversion of attenuation
• generates humoral & cell mediated immunity

Question 12

What are examples of live/attenuated vaccines?

Answer 12

• varicella zoster
• measles
• mumps
• rubella
• oral Sabin polio
• anthrax

Question 13

What are toxoid vaccines?

Answer 13

• toxins treated with formalin or genetically modified to generate toxoids that are immunogenic NOT TOXIC
• inactivated
• relates to bacterial toxins
• type of subunit vaccine

Question 14

What are examples of toxoid vaccines?

Answer 14

tetanus and diptheria

Question 15

What are subunit vaccines?

Answer 15

• isolate subunit from organism to be used as vaccine
• purified from organism or generated by recombinant DNA tech.

Question 16

What is an example of a subunit vaccine?

Answer 16

acellular pertussis (whooping cough) -> results in strong Ab and Th1 response

Question 17

What are recombinant protein vaccines?

Answer 17

• generate protein from organism through recombinant DNA tech.
• only produces Abs
• type of subunit vaccine

Question 18

What is an example of a recombinant protein vaccine?

Answer 18

hepatitis B surface Ag made in yeast

Question 19

What vaccines are handled as exogenous Ags?

Answer 19

• recombinant
• toxoid
• inactivated/killed
• subunit
• conjugate polysaccharide
  *live/attenuated

Question 20

What vaccine is handled as an endogenous Ag?

Answer 20

live/attenuated

Question 21

What are the characteristics of the mRNA vaccine?

Answer 21

• very short half-life
  1. codes for protein Ag
  2. complexed with lipid nanoparticle carrier
  3. lipid fuses with membrane
  4. mRNA translated inside Ag
  5. Ag presented to T/B cells

Question 22

What are examples of mRNA vaccines?

Answer 22

• spike proteins -> T cell activation & Ab production
• COVID vaccine

Question 23

What is a conjugate polysaccharide vaccine?

Answer 23

• protein conjugated with polysaccharide capsules to generate T helper cell responses to the polysaccharide capsules
• only produces Abs

Question 24

What are examples of a conjugate polysaccharide vaccine?

Answer 24

• Hib
• pneumococcal
• meningococcal

Question 25

What are adjuvants?

Answer 25

non-specific immune enhancers that functions partially through stimulation of innate immune system

Question 26

What is the depot effect within adjuvants?

Answer 26

* slow release of Ag * production of cytokines * particle increase * inflammatory response * required with non-live vaccines

Question 27

What are the types of adjuvants?

Answer 27

* inorganic salts * oils * bacterial porducts * aluminim OH

Question 28

What determines the course of tuberculosis?

Answer 28

immune response

Question 29

What causes tuberculosis to become progressive?

Answer 29

if Th2 predominates

Question 30

If there is a Th1 response with tuberculosis, what happens?

Answer 30

protection

Question 31

What are the characteristics of tuberculosis?

Answer 31

* slow developing * caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis * symptoms: fever, cough, bloody sputum, weight loss, losse of energy, progressive lung damage

Question 32

How does the BCG vaccine work for tuberculosis?

Answer 32

* type of live attenuated vaccine * culture of M. bovis * immunity in vaccinated animals cannot be transferred with serum * protective immunity can be transferred with CD4 cells * T cell response in vaccinated animals is faster than in naive animals

Question 33

What are the limits of the BCG vaccine?

Answer 33

* initial deaths in kids * different strains * adverse reactions: localized fatal desseminated BCG infection * varied efficacy * compromises tuberulin skin test * NOT IN US

Question 34

What does a positive BCG vaccine result in?

Answer 34

a positive TB skin test

Question 35

What is corynebacterium diphtheriae?

Answer 35

* produces diphtheria toxins * gram +, club-shaped bacillus * diphtheria exotoxin inhibits protein synthesis in host

Question 36

What is a diphtheria toxoid?

Answer 36

* treated with formalin * absorbed onto adjuvant * combined into DTaP/DTP (vaccine) * minimum level of antitoxin always obtained after vaccination

Question 37

What are the characteristics of bordetella pertusis?

Answer 37

* gram -, aerobic * coccobacillus, non-motile * delicate, slow grower * very infectious * causes whooping cough in kids