Immunomodulatory Agents Flashcards
Classes of immunomodulatory agents?
- Immunosuppressant
- Immunostimulant
- Tolerogen
What occurs when the body cannot differentiate self from non-self?
Autoimmune disease
Examples of immunological diseases
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Asthma
- Solid tumors
- Hematological malignancies
Classification of immunity?
- Innate/ Natural
Broadly reactive, no priming, low affinity - Adaptive/learned
Antigen-specific, requires priming or exposure, high affinity
Examples of innate immunity effectors
Complement, Granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, mast cells, basophils
Two cells responsible for cellular response are?
B- lymphocytes : make antiBodies
T-lymohocytes: helper, cyToToxic, suppressor cells
Any foreign agent which may provoke an immune reaction when introduced into the body is?
Antigen
Characteristics of Antigens
- They are usually proteins
- Or Glycoproteins
- Or High molecular weight carbohydrates
- M.W of 5000 Da
- Processed by macrophages before presented to T-cells
Types of immune responses?
- Humoral immune responses
(B lymphocytes, antibody production, plasma cells) - Cellular immune responses
T-lymohocytes
Humoral immunity response occurs in two stages namely?
- Primary reactions
Occur at 1st exposure, consists largely of IgM, short-lived - Secondary reaction
Occur with subsequent exposure, consists mainly of igG, long-lived
Immunity that is developed in response to infection or following inoculation with a strain is?
Active immunity
Immunity that is transferred by administration of preformed antibodies either from host or recombinant techniques inVitro is?
Passive immunity
When immune response to an antigen results in tissue damage,it is called?
Hypersensitivity
Types of hypersensitivity
ICIC
Type I (immediate)- Anaphylactic Rx
Type II (cytotoxic) -Antibody dependent
Type III (immune complex run
Type IV (cell-mediated) -delayed hypersensitivity
Gell and coombs classification of hypersensitivity chart
IgE Mediated
Type I- within 1hr (Anaphylaxis)
IgG or IgM mediated
Type II- hours to days (hemolytic anemia)
Non-IgE mediated(others)
Type III: 7-21 days (serum sickness)
Type IV: days to weeks (contact dermatitis, maculopapular rash)
Major classes of immunosuppressive drugs
CAMS
- Calcinuerin inhibitors: Tacrolimus and cyclosporine
- Anti proliferative agents: Mofetil, azathioprine, Mycophenolate
- mTOR inhibitors: Sirolimus
- Steroids/glucocorticoid: Prednisone
Among the major classes of immunosuppressant, which does not fall under “immunophilin ligands”?
Steroids/glucocorticoids
Broad classification of immunosuppressant
Non-selective (CIA)
1. Corticosteroids
2. Anti metabolite/ Antiproliferatives
3. Immunoglobulins
Selective (CMS)
1. Calcinuerin inhibitors
2. Selective IL-2 receptor antagonists; basilicimab, daclizumab, infliximab
3. mTOR inhibitors