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Pha 411 > Immunomodulatory Agents > Flashcards

Immunomodulatory Agents Flashcards

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1
Q

Classes of immunomodulatory agents?

A
  1. Immunosuppressant
  2. Immunostimulant
  3. Tolerogen
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2
Q

What occurs when the body cannot differentiate self from non-self?

A

Autoimmune disease

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3
Q

Examples of immunological diseases

A
  1. Rheumatoid arthritis
  2. type 1 diabetes mellitus
  3. Asthma
  4. Solid tumors
  5. Hematological malignancies
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4
Q

Classification of immunity?

A
  1. Innate/ Natural
    Broadly reactive, no priming, low affinity
  2. Adaptive/learned
    Antigen-specific, requires priming or exposure, high affinity
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5
Q

Examples of innate immunity effectors

A

Complement, Granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, mast cells, basophils

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6
Q

Two cells responsible for cellular response are?

A

B- lymphocytes : make antiBodies

T-lymohocytes: helper, cyToToxic, suppressor cells

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7
Q

Any foreign agent which may provoke an immune reaction when introduced into the body is?

A

Antigen

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8
Q

Characteristics of Antigens

A
  1. They are usually proteins
  2. Or Glycoproteins
  3. Or High molecular weight carbohydrates
  4. M.W of 5000 Da
  5. Processed by macrophages before presented to T-cells
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9
Q

Types of immune responses?

A
  1. Humoral immune responses
    (B lymphocytes, antibody production, plasma cells)
  2. Cellular immune responses
    T-lymohocytes
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10
Q

Humoral immunity response occurs in two stages namely?

A
  1. Primary reactions
    Occur at 1st exposure, consists largely of IgM, short-lived
  2. Secondary reaction
    Occur with subsequent exposure, consists mainly of igG, long-lived
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11
Q

Immunity that is developed in response to infection or following inoculation with a strain is?

A

Active immunity

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12
Q

Immunity that is transferred by administration of preformed antibodies either from host or recombinant techniques inVitro is?

A

Passive immunity

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13
Q

When immune response to an antigen results in tissue damage,it is called?

A

Hypersensitivity

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14
Q

Types of hypersensitivity

A

ICIC

Type I (immediate)- Anaphylactic Rx
Type II (cytotoxic) -Antibody dependent
Type III (immune complex run
Type IV (cell-mediated) -delayed hypersensitivity

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15
Q

Gell and coombs classification of hypersensitivity chart

A

IgE Mediated
Type I- within 1hr (Anaphylaxis)

IgG or IgM mediated
Type II- hours to days (hemolytic anemia)

Non-IgE mediated(others)
Type III: 7-21 days (serum sickness)
Type IV: days to weeks (contact dermatitis, maculopapular rash)

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16
Q

Major classes of immunosuppressive drugs

A

CAMS

  1. Calcinuerin inhibitors: Tacrolimus and cyclosporine
  2. Anti proliferative agents: Mofetil, azathioprine, Mycophenolate
  3. mTOR inhibitors: Sirolimus
  4. Steroids/glucocorticoid: Prednisone
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17
Q

Among the major classes of immunosuppressant, which does not fall under “immunophilin ligands”?

A

Steroids/glucocorticoids

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18
Q

Broad classification of immunosuppressant

A

Non-selective (CIA)
1. Corticosteroids
2. Anti metabolite/ Antiproliferatives
3. Immunoglobulins

Selective (CMS)
1. Calcinuerin inhibitors
2. Selective IL-2 receptor antagonists; basilicimab, daclizumab, infliximab
3. mTOR inhibitors

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19
Q

Main uses of glucocorticoids?

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A

Treatment of transplant rejection and auto-immune disorders

20
Q

Most effective immunosuppressive drugs are?

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A

Calcinuerin inhibitors

21
Q

Cyclosporine is produced by the fungus?

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A

Beauveria nivea

22
Q

Adverse effects; CNS disorders, immunosuppression, HPA axis suppression, metabolic disorders, fall under which class of drugs?

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A

Glucocorticoids

23
Q

Agents of solubilisation of cyclosporine are always?

24
Q

Mechanism of action of Cyclosporine?

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A

Binds to cytosolic protein cyclophilin and interacts with Ca2-calmodulin dependent calcinuerin complex and inhibits it’s phosphorylase

25
Principle metabolism of cyclosporine is in?
The liver (with half life of 5-18 hours)
26
How to mitigate the nephrotoxic effect of cyclosporine?
Concomitant use of Calcium channel blockers
27
Tacrolimus is _____ times more potent than cyclosporine
10-100 times
28
Adverse effects of cyclosporine include?
Relate organs that use Ca2 calmodulin Hypertension ,tremor, hyperkalemia,hirsutism, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity,etc
29
What organism is responsible for production of Tacrolimus?
Streptomyces tsukabaensis
30
What's the first line immunosuppressive agent?
Calcinuerin inhibitors
31
List of drugs that interact with calcinuerin inhibitors?
Azoles, macrolides, diltiazem
32
Sirolimus (Rapamycin) is derived from?
Streptomyces hygroscopicus
33
MOA of azathioprine (anti metabolite) is?
Interfere with purine metabolism at steps required for lymphoid cell proliferation
34
The chief toxic effect of azathioprine and mercaptopurine is?
Bone marrow suppression
35
Other cytotoxic agents include;
1. Cyclophosphamide 2. Hydroxychloroquine 3. Methotrexate
36
A substance that increased the ability of the immune system to fight infections is?
Immunostimulant
37
Humanized antibodies end in?
-umab and -zumab
38
Chimeric antibodies end in?
-imab or -ximab
39
Classes of immunostimulants include;
1. Vaccines; bacterial, viral,therapeutic, combinations 2. Interferons 3. Interleukins 4. Colony stimulating factors Others
40
what are antibody forming cells fused to plasmacytoma cells?
Hybridomas
41
Under biologics, Monoclonal antibodies are used for?
1. Anti tumors 2. Delivery of isotopes to tumors 3. As immunosuppressants and anti-inflammatory 4. Antiplateles
42
Hepatitis B, MMR and yellow fever are under what class of vaccines?
Viral vaccines
43
Bacille Calmette Guérin and DPT is an example of what type of vaccine?
Bacterial vaccine
44
Vaccines that protect against cancer are known as?
Therapeutic vaccines
45
A foreign antigen that suppresses immune response is known as?
Tolerogen

Pha 411 (4 decks)

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