Immunopharmacology

Question 1

What does immunopharmacology (IP) focus on?

Answer 1

Primary and secondary disorders of the immune system and production of modulators of the immune system

Question 2

What two types of drugs pertain to IP?

Answer 2

Immunosuppressants and immunostimulants

Question 3

Two kinds of immune reactions?

Answer 3

Natural (nonspecific) and specific (memory based)

Question 4

Nonspecific immune response involves what?

Answer 4

Natural killer

Monocyte/polymorphonuclear

Question 5

Specific immune response involves what?

Answer 5

Lymphocytes

Question 6

Where are lymphocytes produced?

Answer 6

Bone marrow and thymus

Lymph nodes and spleen

Question 7

B-lymphocytes mediate which system?

Answer 7

Humoral

Question 8

T-lymphocytes mediate which system?

Answer 8

Cell based immune system

Question 9

What do T-helper cells do?

Answer 9

Coordination of immune response

Question 10

Cytotoxic T-cells do what?

Answer 10

Removing virus infected cells from body

Question 11

Suppressor T-cells do what?

Answer 11

Temper the immune response when it gets overactive

Question 12

Hyperactive T-cell response does what? Hypoactive

Answer 12

Induces autoimmune response

Immune suppression and incompetence

Question 13

How long does primary immune response take?

Answer 13

8 to 14 days

Question 14

How do basophils work?

Answer 14

Bind IgE and release histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, heparin, and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis

Question 15

When will best results of immunosuppression be?

Answer 15

When treatment is begun before exposure to the antigen

Question 16

Acute rejection is defined as what?

Answer 16

Rejection that occurs 24 hours to several weeks following organ transplantation

Question 17

What controls acute rejection?

Answer 17

T-cells and cytokine

Question 18

How do Adrenocortical steroids work?

Answer 18

Inhibit IL-2 gene transcription which is required for clonal expansion of B and T-cells

Question 19

Danger of Adrenocortical steroids?

Answer 19

Long term use gets you increased risk of infection, ulcers, hyperglycemia, and osteoporosis

Question 20

What are the alkylating agents?

Answer 20

Cytotoxic drug cyclophosphamide

Question 21

Inhibitor of de novo purine synthesis?

Answer 21

Cytotoxic drug azathioprine

Question 22

Second generation of inhibitors of de nova purine synthesis?

Answer 22

Mycophenolate mofetil

Methotrexate

Question 23

How do de novo inhibitors work?

Answer 23

Block or interfere with DNA/RNA synthesis and function and prevent clonal expansion of B and T-cells

Question 24

Inhibitors of de novo pyrimidine synthesis work by?

Answer 24

Inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, key enzyme for pyrimidine

Question 25

How do kinases and phosphatase inhibitors work

Answer 25

Block T-cell signaling pathways that stimulate IL-2 production

Question 26

What is IL-2 used for?

Answer 26

Clonal expansion of B and T-Cells

Question 27

Cyclosporin is lumped into what group of drugs/

Answer 27

Kinases and phosphatases group

Question 28

Where does Cyclosporin concentrate?

Answer 28

Red and white blood cells | Metabolized by liver

Question 29

When is cyclosporin given?

Answer 29

4-24 hours prior to transplant

Question 30

Limiting factor surrounding Cyclosporin?

Answer 30

Renal toxicity

Question 31

How does Cyclosporin work?

Answer 31

Associates with calcineurin and inhibits phosphatase activity. Blocks JNK and p38 signaling induced by antigen recognition

Question 32

Tacrolimus inhibits how?

Answer 32

Associates with calcineurin and inhibits phosphatase. Same as Cyclosporin

Question 33

Difference of Tacrolimus and Cyclo?

Answer 33

Tacro: Not as widely distributed, 100 times more potent, used in patients not responding to cyclo

Question 34

How does Sirolimus work?

Answer 34

Inhibits calcineurin by binding FKBP12

Question 35

How do you improve Sirolimus?

Answer 35

Combine with cyclo

Question 36

How do anti lymphocyte globulins work

Answer 36

Bind to lymphocyte surface proteins to inhibit acute graft rejection