Impact of Empire, incl. Migration

Question 1

Why did Indian people settle in England in the 1600s?

Answer 1

Returning British officials from the EIC (founded 1600) would bring their wives, nurses and children with them
A few cases of child slavery
Market for Indian spices and textiles growing - places available in the food and clothing industry
Elizabeth I wanted to form trade ties with India

Question 1

England and Great Britain

Answer 1

England c.1000-1707
Great Britain 1707-1800 after the Unity act
England and Scotland ruled under same monarch past 1603, but not combined

Question 1

What was the Glorious Revolution?

Answer 1

William of Orange and Mary II overthrow James II in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. This was the start of Government’s power over the monarchy.
Coronation oath sworn by William and Mary: “We solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of England and the dominions thereun to belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same.”

Question 1

Some of the points outlined in the 1689 Bill of Rights that granted Parliament more power

Answer 1

• Laws should not be removed without the consent of Parliament
• No taxes should be imposed without the authority of Parliament
• People should have the right to petition the monarch without fear of punishment
• No standing army may be maintained during peacetime without the consent of Parliament
• Parliaments should be held frequently

Question 1

How could the revolution be seen as glorious?

Answer 1

Brought freedoms and opportunities for the people of England, and ended the absolute rule of the monarch

Question 1

How could the revolution be seen as not glorious?

Answer 1

Freedoms granted only to some people, specifically the rich, who exploited colonies, removing the freedoms of people from other nations

Question 1

Timeline of key events of the Jacobite / Williamite war in Ireland

Answer 1

1689-91
‘89 - March, James arrived in Ireland with 6,000 French troops (from King Louis). He passed a law in Dublin giving confiscated land back to former Catholic owners. He declared that the English Parliamed had no right to make laws governing Ireland
‘89 - April, Jacobite forces led by the Earl of Tyrconnell swept North, taking land from Protenstant plantation owners, and surrounded Protestants in Derry. William sent warships and troops
‘89 - 28 July, William’s ships broke the siege and freed the inhabitants
‘89 - Winter, Disease struck and killed one-third of William’s army
‘90 - 1 July, Battle of the Boyne. William wins crushing victory
‘91 - 12 July, Battle of Aughrim. Seven thousand men killed on both sides. William was the victor
‘91 - 3 October - Treaty of Limerick

Question 1

What were the consequences of the war?

Answer 1

The Irishmen who fought for James were gived 3 choices:
1. Join William’s army
2. Return home
3. Continue fighting for James and be exiled
Jacobite land owners could keep their land if they swore allegience to William and Mary.
However, William did not exactly stick to oath - if the oath was not sworn within a set period of time, land was removed from Irish owners and given to an Englishman

Question 1

The Penal Laws

Answer 1

• Persons of property could not enter into mixed religion marriages
  Catholics could neither teach their children nor send them abroad
• Catholic property was inherited equally among the sons unless one was a Protestant, in which case he received it all
• A Catholic could not inherit property if there was any Protestant heir
• A Catholic could not possess arms or a horse worth more than £5
• Catholics could not hold leases for more than 31 years, and they could not make a profit greater than a third of their rent
• The heirarchy of the Catholic Church was banished or suppressed
• Catholics could not hold seats in the Irish Parliament (1692), hold public office (1727) or practice law
• Cases against Catholics were tried without juries, and bounties were given to informers against them

Question 2

‘Parent Impositions’

Answer 2

1699 - The English woollen act - it became illegal for the Irish to export woollen cloth beyond the British Isles
1720 - The Declaratory Act - The British Parliament had the right to make laws fro Ireladn
1722-25 - The British Government gave the right to manufacture Irish halfpennies, to an English entrepeneur

Question 3

Who were the ascendancy?

Answer 3

The wealthy Protestant class that ruled Ireland under the English.

Question 4

What was the main difference in view between the Protestant Ascendancy and the English?

Answer 4

The Ascendancy saw Ireland as a sibling nation to England, whereas the English saw Ireland as more of a child. The Parent Impositions made it clear that the Irish had second-class status in England

Question 5

Timeline to the Massacre of Glencoe and consequences

Answer 5

1691 - William announces all clans must swear the oath of fealty by the 1st of January 1692
Chief of Glencoe Alasdair MacLain made it to Fort William just in time but was told to go to another location to swear the oath - made it a day late but was told he could still swear the oath and be safe
1692 February MacDonald Clan of Glencoe hosted soldiers for 14 days before being murdered. 38 murdered, 40 more died from exposure. William made an example of the MacDonald clan
Scottish parliament blamed William, publishing proof that he had ordered the attack, forced him to open an investigation that did not lead to the arrest of any party.

Question 6

Claim of Right

Answer 6

1689 published by Parliament - stated that James had lost the throne through his actions and that no Catholic could ever come to the throne again.
This upset the Jacobites.

Question 7

Battle of Killicrankie

Answer 7

Scotland
July 1689 Jacobites rose up after the Claim of Right and won the battle, but a third of forces died and their leader was also lost

Question 8

Battle of Dunkeld

Answer 8

Scotland
August 1689 Won by the Williamites due to the collapse of the rebellion through lack of leadership and troops.

Question 9

Why was the Scottish economy poor in the 1690s?

Answer 9

Harvests failed, leading to severe famines - 1/5 - 1/3 of the population died or emigrated during this time, leading to less workers to fuel the economy.
The ministers of Scotland were appointed by the English King, who didn’t really care for Scottish growth, but more for what Scotland could do to fuel England’s economy.
English policies actively prevented the growth of the Scottish economy (Navigation Act - Scot ships could not be involved in any trade to England or the colonies / EIC, RAC granted monoply of trade in goods and enslaved people)

Question 10

Why was the Darien Scheme a solution to Scotland’s economic problems?

Answer 10

If the Scots could successfully tame the Isthmus of Darien, they had access to control of trade between North and South America, giving them access to many trade points.

Question 11

When did the Darien Scheme begin?

Answer 11

Ships set sail in 1698, carrying 1200 people, having had £400,000 invested in it - nearly a quarter of the entirety of Scotland’s cash wealth. Plan proposed by William Paterson.

Question 12

Why did the Darien Scheme fail?

Answer 12

Mistakes by settlers - Poor supplies, inappropriate farming skills, lack of fresh water, settlement in an area regarded as part of the Spanish empire, failed negotiations with local tribe.
Conditions - Hot, humid, swampy, rapidly spreading disease that the settlers were not protected against.
English interference - Opposition from King William and EIC, withdrawal of support from English directors.

Question 13

Act of Union for and against

Answer 13

1707
For:
High positions available for Scots in English Parliament
Greater protection from enemies
Guaranteed protestant rule
Free trade and improved economy
Against:
Loss of identity and independence
Rule by foreigners
Increased taxation

Question 14

Act of Union impact on Military control

Answer 14

Protection of Scotland by Royal Navy
Standing army kept in Northern Scotland - constant threat
Highlanders not allowed to carry weapons

Question 15

Act of Union impact on Economy

Answer 15

Trading improved
Higher rates of tax
Competition from more technologically advanced English makers
Money from Darien Scheme returned with interest
Smuggling became common

Question 16

Act of Union impact on Society

Answer 16

Destruction of Highlander way of life
Regular protests about the union
Enclosure (privitisation of common land)
Education improves

Question 17

Act of Union impact on Politics

Answer 17

George King of Britain New career opportunities for Scot politicians English appeal court overturning Scottish rulings - undermining Scot political power Entire country represented by Secretary of State of Scotland House of Lords dominated by Englishmen

Question 18

Jacobite rebellion

Answer 18

1715 James Edward Francis Stuart (The Old Pretender) made a bid for power after the unconsulted coronation of George of Hanover Earl of Mar organised an uprising 10,000 infantry and cavalry against government's 4,000. Rebellion ended after an inconclusive battle at Sheriffmuir 1716 The Old Pretender and Mar leave Scotland

Question 19

Convict emigration 1688-c.1730

Answer 19

1640s and 50s Irish and Scottish political prisoners, Banished to the Americas Scottish rebels after the 1715 rebellion, banished to North America / the Caribbean Political enemies, men, women, and children from England, Scotland and particularly Ireland, 1718 Transportation Act (shipment of convited ciminals across the Atlantic), and removal of all groups the political system wanted gone. To Americas. All groups ended up field workers, soldiers, a few set free by sympathetic people. Worked on tobacco plantations, sold on arrival.

Question 20

Indentured servants emigration 1688-c.1730s

Answer 20

Work opportunities, skilled workers who had something to offer who were so poor and desperate they would sell themselves into slavery across the sea to have a chance at freedom. Sent to the Americas or the Caribbean. Temporary workers, who worked for 7-8 years before being freed (many did not survive this period because of conditions)

Question 21

Ulster Scots emigration 1688-c.1730s

Answer 21

Emigrated to Ireland in hope of better weather and soil, due to the Treaty of Limerick - Scots settled on the land the Irish were forced to leave

Question 22

Adventurers emigration 1688-c.1730s

Answer 22

All over the world, for trade opportunities, or jobs in the EIC, soldiers etc.

Question 23

What impact did the transatlantic slave trade have on Britain?

Answer 23

Increased quantities of imports from West Indies and Americas Increase in ideas of social darwinism - racism Triangular trade - very efficient money making, greatly increased British economy strength. Boats are never empty and are therefore always making money, workers are all enslaved, so don't have wages to be paid.

Question 24

Why was piracy such a big issue for the British during the early 1700s?

Answer 24

Pirates would capture ships, leading to a loss of slaves, trading goods and therefore profit - losing even one ship could damage profits by a large amount. Overall, pirates cost traders around £100,000 worth of goods (£14mil now)

Question 25

How did the government act against piracy?

Answer 25

1722 Act for the Suppression of Piracy - attack on pirates where many were captured and killed, and black pirates were forced into slavery

Question 26

How did the RAC operate and how did this link to the monarchy?

Answer 26

Given complete monopoly of triangular trade by the royal charter, created by Stuart royal family for their own gain. Because they had shares in the company, they directly profited

Question 27

What is the legacy of the RAC today?

Answer 27

'Elephant and Castle' common name for pubs / train stations. Many countries in the commonweath asking for compensation

Question 28

Treaty of Utrecht

Answer 28

1713 signed towards the end of the War of Spanish Succession. Established Britain as the major slave-trading nation - granted them control of the Asiento (agreements to provide slaves to other countries). From this point on Britain dominated the Atlantic Trade

Question 29

Timeline of the Development of Plantation Systems

Answer 29

1620s - Barbados land starts being cleared for cultivation, Settlers clear land and experiment with crops on various islands. 1640s - Colonies switched from growing tobacco to growing sugar cane, which grew well in fertile, well watered soil. Richer landowners start buying land to create bigger plantations. 1690s - Trade in enslaved Africans opened up to private businesses. Tobacco plantations in Virginia and sugar plantations in Barbados were efficient, thriving businesses, setting an example for North American and Caribbean plantations

Question 30

Labour force

Answer 30

Europeans : Africans 1676-1700 - 67,000 : 9,800 1701-25 - 42,000 : 37,000 1726-50 - 108,800 : 96,800 Journey conditions: extreme physical violence and violation, claustrophobic conditions, disease ridden, many dying, not allowed any freedom or privacy. Treatment of indentured workers: Were more likely to have a positive outlook so could be worked harder as they believed there was a better life waiting for them after labour. Treated very poorly and many died of disease.

Question 31

What is a plantocracy?

Answer 31

Societies controlled and governed by and for the planters, supported by military force and the law. This term was used to describe the Caribbean and North American colonies.

Question 32

Advantages of enslaved African workers

Answer 32

Coped better with climate, so lived longer. Agricultural skills had been developed in a similar climate. More resourceful - looked after themselves Faster at aquiring skills More productive Cheaper to clothe and maintain High numbers needed and supplied Skin colour made them easier to identify Could be sold on

Question 33

Disadvantages of European servants

Answer 33

High death rate Unable to work well in environment Agricultural skill from a completely different environment Could be unpredictable and dangerous, especially convicts Often ran away (as did the Africans, but they were easier to identify) Temporary As wages rose in England, indentured servants became more expensive

Question 34

3 periods of the EIC

Answer 34

1600-88 (start) EIC given monopoly of English trade and begins to set up bases, Relationships with emperor break down, Anglo-Mughal war embarrasses EIC and makes British hated in India 88-1700 (shame) EIC loses English supporters and monopoly. Less profit generated as government made it illegal to bring in Asian silk or cotton for the sakes of local workers 02-30 (gain) EIC merges with newer company, continues as it had before and now also has military power. Uses death of emperor to gain power until they actually rule India

Question 35

How and why did the British economy change?

Answer 35

1688-mid1700s, small class of rich people accummulating vast amounts of wealth. 1694 government needed money for wars and economy growth - bank of England set up and credit system introduced. Government raised money by taxing people and giving companies a monopoly within the empire (credit system = loaning money that people have put in the bank and earning higher interest on it to be able to give the investers interest on their money). Companies agreed to higher taxes if they could have monopoly.

Question 36

South Sea Bubble

Answer 36

South Sea Company was a joint-stock company set up to trade with South America. 1713 given monopoly of slave-trade. Jan 1720, shares worth £128. To encourage investment, directors began to spread false rumors that the company was making huge profits, to drive up the share price. By May, shares were worht £550. June, Government introduced the Bubble Act - prevented the company from competition, made investors more confident, drove share prices up to £1050. July, people began to realise that the shares were overpriced and started to try to sell of their shares, sending the prices down rapidly, people who had bought shares at the height of the bubble lost huge sums of money and many were financially ruined.

Question 37

How did the Empire affect working lives?

Answer 37

Increase in jobs available, as more trade meant more products being manufactured, more dock jobs created, more suppliers needed etc. Everyday people benefitted. Coastal areas became trading hubs.

Question 38

Trading hubs

Answer 38

Liverpool, Bristol, London All have streets, banks and other locations named after the legacy of the slave trade, as that's where all the starting wealth came from. As coastal areas (or areas with good ports / natural ports), they could generate a lot of wealth by being trading hubs, where imports and exports were shipped off the various locations.

Question 39

Coffee shops

Answer 39

Coffee shops became the places where decisions were made in politics, where rich folk could go for a talk and also where not so pious activity happened (e.g. some coffee houses were places of sale of enslaved africans.) Coffee houses were soon so common, business areas could have one per street. They became more common as coffee became more popular with the wealthy. As well as political ideas, coffee houses were also places were New Enlightenment ideas of freedom of thought and ideas and human rights were disucced. Pamphlets and broadsheets were shared, as it was where the wealthy who could make a difference would gather.

Question 40

What was the primary economic impact of the British Empire on Britain?

Answer 40

The British Empire provided access to raw materials and new markets, boosting Britain's economy.

Question 41

True or False: The Spitalfields case study focuses on the impact of immigration on London's textile industry.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Fill in the blank: The __________ Act of 1700 aimed to protect British wool manufacturers by restricting imports of foreign wool.

Answer 42

Wool

Question 43

What was one social consequence of the British Empire on British society?

Answer 43

Increased cultural diversity due to immigration from colonized regions.

Question 44

Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a key product imported from the Empire?

Answer 44

Sugar

Question 45

What role did Spitalfields play in the British textile industry?

Answer 45

Spitalfields was a center for silk weaving and garment production.

Question 46

True or False: The Spitalfields silk weavers faced competition from cheaper imports.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

What was one of the main challenges faced by Spitalfields weavers in the 18th century?

Answer 47

Competition from French silk manufacturers.

Question 48

Fill in the blank: The __________ of 1774 was a response to economic pressures faced by the Spitalfields weavers.

Answer 48

Silk Weavers' Act

Question 49

What was the impact of the British Empire on Britain's global trade?

Answer 49

It significantly expanded Britain's global trade routes and influence.

Question 50

What type of labor was prevalent in Spitalfields during the peak of its textile production?

Answer 50

Sweated labor, often involving women and children.

Question 51

Multiple Choice: Which of the following groups primarily worked in the Spitalfields textile industry?

Answer 51

Immigrants and local artisans.

Question 52

True or False: The Spitalfields case study shows the negative effects of industrialization on traditional crafts.

Answer 52

True

Question 53

What was the significance of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment in relation to Spitalfields?

Answer 53

It led to increased poverty and hardship for many weavers.

Question 54

Fill in the blank: The __________ was a major event that highlighted the plight of Spitalfields weavers in the early 19th century.

Answer 54

Silk Weavers' Riots

Question 55

What is one way the British Empire influenced British culture?

Answer 55

By introducing new foods, customs, and cultural practices from colonized regions.

Question 56

Multiple Choice: Which industry saw a decline due to the impact of the British Empire?

Answer 56

The traditional textile industry.

Question 57

True or False: The Spitalfields case study indicates that immigration was entirely beneficial for local economies.

Answer 57

False

Question 58

What was a major consequence of the decline of the Spitalfields textile industry?

Answer 58

Increased unemployment and social unrest among weavers.

Question 59

Fill in the blank: The __________ of 1851 showcased British imperial power and industrial achievements.

Answer 59

Great Exhibition

Question 60

What was one economic benefit of the British Empire for British citizens?

Answer 60

Lower prices for goods due to access to cheaper raw materials.

Question 61

Multiple Choice: Which factor contributed to the decline of the Spitalfields silk industry?

Answer 61

The rise of synthetic fabrics.

Question 62

True or False: The British Empire had no significant impact on British social structures.

Answer 62

False

Question 63

What was the role of the Huguenots in the Spitalfields case study?

Answer 63

They were skilled silk weavers who contributed to the industry.

Question 64

Fill in the blank: The __________ was an important factor in the establishment of Spitalfields as a textile hub.

Answer 64

Proximity to London

Question 65

What did the British Empire's expansion lead to in terms of labor supply?

Answer 65

An influx of immigrant workers to fill labor shortages.

Question 66

Multiple Choice: Which event in the late 19th century further impacted Spitalfields weavers?

Answer 66

The Industrial Revolution.

Question 67

True or False: The Spitalfields case study demonstrates the resilience of local industries in the face of change.

Answer 67

True

Question 68

What was one social challenge faced by the Spitalfields community?

Answer 68

Poor living conditions and overcrowding.

Question 69

Fill in the blank: The __________ of the 19th century saw a shift towards mechanization in textile production.

Answer 69

Industrial Revolution

Question 70

What was the impact of the British Empire on education in Britain?

Answer 70

Increased emphasis on colonial studies and foreign languages.

Question 71

Multiple Choice: What was a major consequence of competition from abroad for Spitalfields weavers?

Answer 71

Decline in traditional craftsmanship.

Question 72

True or False: The British Empire's influence led to a homogenization of British culture.

Answer 72

False

Question 73

What did the Spitalfields weavers do in response to economic hardship?

Answer 73

They organized protests and strikes.

Question 74

Fill in the blank: The __________ provided a platform for discussing the struggles of Spitalfields weavers.

Answer 74

Trade Union Movement

Question 75

What was the role of technology in the decline of the Spitalfields textile industry?

Answer 75

Technological advancements made traditional methods less competitive.

Question 76

Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a key factor in the British Empire's economic strategy?

Answer 76

Exploitation of colonial resources.

Question 77

True or False: The Spitalfields case study emphasizes the role of women in the textile industry.

Answer 77

True

Question 78

What was a cultural impact of the British Empire on Britain?

Answer 78

The introduction of new art forms and literature.

Question 79

Fill in the blank: The __________ was a significant protest organized by Spitalfields weavers in the 1760s.

Answer 79

Silk Weavers' Uprising

Question 80

What was one of the long-term effects of the British Empire on Britain's economy?

Answer 80

Dependency on foreign markets and resources.

Question 81

Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a common feature of Spitalfields housing?

Answer 81

Overcrowding and poor sanitation.

Question 82

True or False: The impact of the British Empire was uniformly positive for all British citizens.

Answer 82

False

Question 83

What was one effect of the Spitalfields case study on contemporary society?

Answer 83

It highlights the importance of understanding historical labor struggles.

Question 84

Fill in the blank: The __________ movement aimed to improve conditions for workers, including those in Spitalfields.

Answer 84

Labor

Question 85

What was the impact of colonialism on British consumer culture?

Answer 85

Increased availability and variety of goods.

Question 86

Multiple Choice: What was a major social issue in Spitalfields during the 19th century?

Answer 86

High rates of poverty and unemployment.

Question 87

True or False: The Spitalfields case study does not address issues of immigration.

Answer 87

False

Question 88

What was the significance of the silk industry to London's economy?

Answer 88

It was a major source of employment and economic activity.

Question 89

Fill in the blank: The __________ of Spitalfields weavers often led to family hardship.

Answer 89

Low wages

Question 90

What was the British Empire's impact on global politics?

Answer 90

It established Britain as a dominant world power.

Question 91

Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a key factor in the decline of the Spitalfields industry?

Answer 91

The rise of mass production methods.

Question 92

True or False: The Spitalfields case study illustrates the intersection of class and immigration.

Answer 92

True

Question 93

What legislation affected the working conditions of Spitalfields weavers?

Answer 93

Factory Acts

Question 94

Fill in the blank: The __________ of the silk industry in Spitalfields was indicative of broader economic changes.

Answer 94

Decline

Question 95

What was one cultural contribution of the Spitalfields community?

Answer 95

The development of unique textile patterns and designs.

Question 96

Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a response to the economic pressures faced by Spitalfields weavers?

Answer 96

Formation of trade unions.

Question 97

True or False: The British Empire had no lasting impact on British identity.

Answer 97

False

Question 98

What was the significance of the Spitalfields case study in understanding modern labor movements?

Answer 98

It provides historical context for contemporary labor rights discussions.

Question 99

Fill in the blank: The __________ in Spitalfields were known for their craftsmanship and skill.

Answer 99

Weavers

Question 100

What was one way the British Empire influenced British politics?

Answer 100

By shaping foreign policy and colonial governance.

Question 101

Multiple Choice: Which of the following factors contributed to the cultural diversity in Spitalfields?

Answer 101

Immigration from various countries.

Question 102

True or False: The textile industry in Spitalfields remained unchanged over the years.

Answer 102

False

Question 103

What were the living conditions like for many Spitalfields weavers?

Answer 103

Often poor and overcrowded.

Question 104

Fill in the blank: The __________ of Spitalfields weavers was often marked by economic hardship.

Answer 104

History

Question 105

What was the impact of the British Empire on British agriculture?

Answer 105

It introduced new crops and farming techniques.

Question 106

Multiple Choice: Which legislation aimed to improve labor conditions in Britain?

Answer 106

Factory Acts

Question 107

True or False: The Spitalfields case study is irrelevant to understanding modern economic issues.

Answer 107

False

Question 108

What was a significant event in Spitalfields history during the 18th century?

Answer 108

The establishment of the silk weaving industry.

Question 109

Fill in the blank: The __________ movement sought to address the needs of workers in Spitalfields.

Answer 109

Labor