Migration only Flashcards
(25 cards)
Medieval time period
c1000-1500
Medieval events + dates
Norman invasion 1066 (+arrival of Flemish and Jews)
Doomsday book 1085
Jews labelled non-believers by the Pope 1095
First Blood Libel 1144
Clifford’s tower 1190
Forced wearing of the tabula 1218
Lombard bankers 1265
Non-weavers expelled 1270
Expulsion of Jews 1290
Taxation of Foreigners 1440-87
Early Modern time period
c1500-1730
Early Modern events + dates
Expulsion of Gypsies 1530s
Walloons and the beginning of the slave trade 1560s
Huguenots wave 1 1570s
EIC set up 1600
Forced transportation of Gypsies 1650s
Cromwell invites Jews back 1655
RAC set up 1660
Huguenots wave 2, German Palatines from the Rhineland, and the Foreign Protestant Naturalisation Act 1709
Industrial Era time period
c1730-1900
Industrial Era events
Somerset case 1772
Abolition Act passed in Britain 1807
Merchant Shipping Act 1 1823
Jews free to trade 1830
Emancipation in parts of the Empire 1833
Highland Clearances and Potato Famine 1840
Naturalisation Act 1870
Immigration of Eastern European Jews 1881
Merchant Shipping Act 2 1894
Early 21st Century time period
c1900-2010
Early 21st Century events
Aliens Act 1905
Alien Registration and British Nationality Act 1914
Mass internment 1915
Race riots and Alien Registration (Amendment) Act 1919
Coloured Alien Seamne Order 1925
Kindertransport 1938-9
Mass internment 1940
Polish Resettlement Act 1947
British Nationality Act and arrival of the Windrush 1948
Commonwealth Immigration Act 1962
Race Relations Act 1 1965
Race Relations Act 2 1968
Race Relations Act 3 1976
Murders of Altab Ali and Blair Peach, Rock Against Racism and the ‘Swamping’ speech 1978
Riots/Crimes 1980-5
Schengen Agreement 1985
Asylum and Immigration Appeals Act 1993
Asylum and Immigration Act 1996
Crime and Disorder Act 1998
Immigration and Appeals Act 1999
Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002
UK border agency set up 2007
Which groups of migrants came in the Medieval period?
Normans, Jews, Flemish weavers, Lombard Bankers
Which groups of migrants came in the Early Modern period?
Huguenots, Walloons, Palatines, Jews reintroduced, Africans, Ayahs, Lascars
Which groups of migrants came in the Industrial Era?
Irish, Scottish, more Lascars, More Africans, Eastern European Jews
Which groups of migrants came in the Early 21st Century?
Belgiums, Germans, Polish, more Jews, Commonwealth citizens (e.g. from caribbean on windrush), asylum seekers, EU citizens
Norman Conquest
1066
Areas of life changed: language, solidified the feudal system, Normans took over positions of power, slaves freed, Harrying of the North put a damper on attacks from invaders. Justice system biased towards Normans.
Areas of life that remained unchanged: The majority of the population was made up of poor peasants, with a small, wealthy class.
Doomsday Book
1085
Enabled harsher punishments for mistreatment of Normans
Freed slaves as it was found 10% of population was slaves
Migration of Jews in the Medieval Era
From 1066, invited by the Normans as money lenders because unlike Catholics, they were able to loan money and charge interest, which would build the English economy and give the King more money to build more castles and fund wars / investments.
Flemish immigration in the Medieval Era (incl expulsion)
1066 arrived with Mathilda - William the Conquerer’s bride - political reason. Spread around the country setting up shops selling skilled weaving works, building on local enterprises, enabling the stopping of exports of wool to be made into cotton. Already established English weavers felt threatened by this - their work was going to be undermined and overlooked in favour of new artists. Although some were able to integrate and form strong societal bonds, in 1270 all non-weavers, or those who were not highly skilled were expelled from England because they were not having a significant positive impact on the economy.
Growing feelings of hate towards Jews in the Medieval Era
1095 declared ‘non-believers’ by the Catholic Pope, which put them out of favour with the highly religious, mostly Catholic population of England. Also created suspicion because their morality was doubted. 1144 - the first Blook Libel. Jews were accused of murdering William of Norwich, who became a saint through being claimed to be a martyr. He was found dead at the bottom of the well. Rumours of a Jewish tradition of sacrificing a young child in a cult-like ceremony circulated and the population felt threatened by the supposedly violent nature and practices of Jews. In 1190 an incident known as Clifford’s Tower occurred, where between 20-40 Jewish families were chased by a mob to a local castle, where law dictated they would be safe, due to the King’s protection. The mob claimed they would be spared if they converted, but those who did were killed. The religious leader in the group convinced them that the only way out of the situation was mass suicide. Around 150 people died. 1218 Jews were forced to wear the Tabula - a badge that clearly showed that they were Jewish, making them easily identifiable. This also made it easier to discriminate against them.
In 1265 when Lombard Bankers arrived after the Pope’s declaration that Italian Catholics could now loan money with interest, Jewish moneylenders were discarded due to their different religion. Their freedoms were reduced until they could not support themselves, so were reduced to coin-cutting, creating the stereotype that Jews were criminals or money-desperate. They were expelled in 1290.
Taxation of Foreigners
All foreign-born ‘aliens’ were forced to pay a tax between 1440-87. This was an attempt to reduce the perception that immigrants were not having a positive impact on the economy, and to quell anti-foreigner sentiments.
Gypsies in the Early Modern period
1530 expelled from England, it became punishable to have a relationship with a Gypsy, and being a Gypsy or marrying one could result in execution. 1650s forced transportation to the Caribbean and other areas with plantations as part of a system that used prisoners of war and criminals or political enemies as slaves to fuel the running of plantations
Walloon migration
1560s, fleeing from religious persecution in what is now Belgium, but was then ruled by the Catholic Spanish Empire. Walloons were Protestant, so welcomed by English people and quickly integrated, working in textile manufacturing.
Huguenots
Wave 1: 1570s, after the St Batholemew’s Day massacre, an example of religious persecution that created great sympathy in England, causing them to be welcomed with open arms and support. Integrated into the textiles industry.
Wave 2: 1709 King Louis XVI overturned a law protecting their rights leading to an increase in persecution, causing them to flee once more and be welcomed into England because of their Protestant relgion
The beginning of the slave trade
There were already Africans in England during the Tudor and Stuart times, with their treatment gradually deteriorating as ideas of social Darwinism and racist ideologies became more widespread and popular. These ideas spread partly as justification for the capture and forced transport of Africans across oceans to be sold onto plantations where they would work as slaves. This slave trade, part of the triangle trade, started in the 1560s
Organisations set up in the Early Modern period
East India Company set up by Royal Charter in 1600. Given monopoly over trade with India, with many British men marrying Indian women and returning with Indian servants and ayahs, as well as children as a product of these marriages.
Royal African Company set up by Royal Charter in 1660, designed for use in the triangle trade.
Jewish readmittance in the Early Modern Period
1655 Cromwell was persuaded to admit Jews back into England as asylum seekers due to the religious persecution they were facing elsewhere in the world. Integration was not easy, as there were still stereotypes around their beliefs and occupations.
