Impacts of globalisation on international migration

Question 1

Define migrant

Answer 1

Someone who moves their permanent residence from one country to another for at least a year

Question 2

Define economic migrant

Answer 2

Someone emigrating for better employment/improve financial position

Question 3

Define refugee

Answer 3

Person left home country because they fear from persecution/conflict. If a country grants rights them become an asylum seeker

Question 4

Define asylum seeker

Answer 4

Refugee who made request for protection and waiting for approval while from host country

Question 5

Define irregular migrant

Answer 5

Person enters the country/remains in country without a valid visa/ overstayed duration of visa

Question 6

Name global migration patterns

Answer 6

South East Asia- Middle East driven by oil wealth/construction booms
Mexico-USA improved quality of living

Question 7

Define global shift

Answer 7

Western countries in factories in Asia shift of industries due to cheap labour/resources

Question 8

Case study: Rural-urban migration China

Answer 8

Move due to difference in living standards (infant mortality, literacy rate)

Experienced largest internal migration recorded 229.8 million
Currently 6 megacities

In order to control migration China implemented Huko system

Question 9

Explain Huko system

Answer 9

Migrants must buy registered permit allowing them into the city, attempt to control flow of migrants

Question 10

Evaluate Huko system

Answer 10

Pro’s:
effective in slowing rural-urban migration
No large slums surrounding major cities
Government can influence where population can go

Con’s:
Expensive permits
poor quality houses, high rent
no public holidays for hoku workers
no affordable healthcare
tight restrictions easily deported
can’t bring family

Question 11

Case study: Schengen agreement

Answer 11

1995 abolished internal border controls within EU
26 countries

Allowing movement in EU no issues, seasonal workers for tourism/agriculture

Problems: terrorism attacks easier to move
Multiple attacks (Paris/UK) also allows drug/weapon trafficking

Question 12

Case study: Japan international migration

Answer 12

Ageing population structure (imbalance)
Reduced workforce less people paying tax affect economy in future

27% pop. over 65
1.7% pop. immigrants
IMF states for a vibrant economy 5% immigrants is needed
Japan is anti-immigrant

Question 13

Case study: Australia international migration

Answer 13

High migration rate 200,000 allowed per year
System based on skills:
This system brings 10% more per capita to Aus GDP each year

Between 2015-2050 migrants expected to add $1.2 trillion to AUS GDP
88% of migrants under 40 economically active
System also allows skill shortage to be met

Question 14

Case study: Singapore international migration

Answer 14

Limited migration 3% migrant pop.
When Singapore industrialised large increase of migrants to fuel econ. growth

2010: 25.7% migrant pop.
Now implemented visa system: different for low/high skilled workers
Strict rules for low skill workers
Skilled workers brought in under liberalised rules

Question 15

Name the 3 patterns of international migration

Answer 15

Voluntary economic migrant
Refugees
Asylum seekers

Question 16

Case study: UK international migration

Answer 16

Restrictions tightened 2010 lower net migration
System more selective about Non EU members

2014 non EU migrants sharp increase
2020 50,00/ 2022 500,000

Wind Rush regeneration 1948
Carribbean 1945 recruited for TFL, buses, construction
1960’s Pakistan/India doctors/nurses

Question 17

Name the 5 causes of migration theories

Answer 17

Neoclassical theory
Dual labour market theory
New economics of labour theory
Relative deprivation theory
World systems theory

Question 18

Explain neoclassical theory

Answer 18

most significant push factor being wage differences
Mexico-USA

Question 19

Explain Dual labour market theory

Answer 19

migrant workers move into jobs home pop. doesn’t want to fill
Phillippines-UK (care home)

Question 20

Explain new economics of labour

Answer 20

Migrants send remittances home to improve life at home
Bangladesh

Question 21

Explain relative deprivation theory

Answer 21

families that are successful migrant benefit from better schooling and homes encouraging others to move

Question 22

Explain World system theory

Answer 22

Trade patterns can make a country poor, migrants move to a successful country. Colonial history encourages migration due to connection
Jamaica-UK

Question 23

Define periphery

Answer 23

Rural areas of country, economic growth in these areas suffers as people move away to core regions

Question 24

Explain UK internal migration reasons x4

Answer 24

Deindustrialisation- the shut down of industry/coal mines due to global shift caused investment into service industry
people move away to these service industries

Regenerating large cities- cleaner/modern attract younger urban lifestyle. Young families move away to rural. Clear age influence/pattern of migration in London

Student migration- student moved influenced by living costs, universities, accessibillty, preference of city

Retired population- moving to a coastal location Worthing (rural area) 23% pop, over 65.

Question 25

Define cultural assimilation

Answer 25

Where a culture minority slowly establishes itself within a community

Question 26

Factors affecting assimilation x6

Answer 26

Intermarriage- marriage sharing of culture Well educated- businesses forced to link with culture/agencies Education- migrants learning history in lessons RPE Language- migrants having 2nd language, younger migrants assimilate much quicker Jobs- culture spread through companies/celebrations Over reliance on benefits- reinforces negative stereotypes, limit interaction with other groups

Question 27

Case study: Cultural assimilation Germany

Answer 27

Germany needs immigrants to support ageing pop. But if migrants don't receive quality services, end up costing the state. High % Turkish migrants 3 million Only a portion have school learning certificate. However, limited attitude persisted of Turkish migrants temporarily staying. 2/3 immigrants can't read 4th year of school. 80% primary school classes can't speak German This persisting attitude has reduced assimilation into Germany pop. To improve assimilation government change immigration laws to allow permanent citizenship

Question 28

Case study: UK cultural assimilation

Answer 28

Pakistan/Bangladesh assimilate much faster EU/USA assimilate much slower Italians assimilate the least Many fear that cultural dilution of traditional culture result in culture clash. Little evidence to support this. Identity changes depending on time spent in country

Question 29

Evaluate social impacts of migration (migration perception)

Answer 29

Pro's: Communities increase Con's: increase in hate crime/community tension overcrowded areas/strain on services (Wind rush generation)

Question 30

Evaluate economic impacts of migration (migration perception)

Answer 30

Pro's: fills skill shortage (UK- Phillippines caring) entreupeners come over (Restaurants/shops) migrants pay tax (elite migrants) Con's: can drive down average wages increase money spent on translation services more money needed on services

Question 31

Evaluate cultural impacts of migration (migration perception)

Answer 31

Pro's: traditions spread Festivals/music (Notting hill carnival) Con's: Cultural dilution

Question 32

Evaluate demographic impacts of migration (migration perception)

Answer 32

Pro's: Lowers average age Reduces pension burdens Younger families coming in Con's: Strain on services

Question 33

Case study: Japan migration perception

Answer 33

Japan needs migration to help resolve ageing pop. concerns. Recommended 5% migrant pop. currently has 1.63% Japan prides itself off homogenous pop./ racial unification "no migration" policy widely supported as pop. concerned migrants will disrupt society, increase crime, fear of cultural dilution

Question 34

Case study: USA/Mexico migrant perception

Answer 34

Large scale immigrant movement after economic boom in USA 2015 11.7 million Mexican 28% of 42.4 mill migrant pop. in USA USA pop. divided on immigration 51% immigration strengthens country 41% said was burden Republican voters are more anti-immigrant Trump