Impacts Of Physical Activity On Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
leading cause of death in the US, but regular physical activity dramatically reduces risk
Heart disease HD
Other facts: 200,000 US deaths annually are due to physical inactivity alone
Risk for all-cause mortality is >200% higher with sedentary living and low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) compared to those who are highly active with high CRF
Greatest reduction in mortality risk occurs when moving from low to moderate fitness levels
Factors Shown to Lower the Risk for Heart Disease
• Lower vour blood pressure and cholestero it elevated
• Consume a diet low in salt, refined sugars, total fat.
saturated ramana cholesterol
consume a diet rich in vibes via fresh fruits and
vegetables and nearenedithy tacs
Exercise regularly (at least 150 minutes a week)
Avoid excessive intake of alcohol and do not smoke
Ensure safe use of medications and any over-the-counter drugs
• Educate oneself on appropriate stress management
• Lose weight and body fat it overweight
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
facilitated by hypertension which causes atherosclerosis (arterial wall damage with plaque accumulation) and promotes arteriosclerosis (arterial wall hardening) over time
Results in a progressive reduction in blood supply to the heart due to narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries by plaque
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Bad
cholesterol accumulates at the sites of injury and can cause progressive blockage or an aneurism (localized bulging of arterial wall that can rupture)
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Good
Large lipoprotein that functions in reverse transport of cholesterol; its particles add a protective function against CHD
Regular aerobic training at 60-80% of VO2max can greatly reduce the risk for CHD by:
Reducing body fat, blood pressure, and systemic inflammation
Improving blood lipid profile values (>HDL-C)
Limiting the risk for myocardial ischemia, blood clots or heart rhythm disturbances
Atherosclerosis
lesions in major arteries caused by hypertension ultimately fill with cholesterol deposits and other debris called plaque
Blockage in coronary arteries cause heart attacks; in cerebral arteries cause strokes
Stress + hypertension + systemic inflammation leads to atherosclerosis
Myocardial ischemia
reflects a lack of O2 supply in the heart muscle often due to coronary artery blockage; severe blockage can trigger a heart attack
Thrombosis
blood clot capable of causing a heart attack, stroke or pulmonary embolism
A thrombotic event often starts with the disruption or rupture of atherosclerotic plaque
Pulmonary embolism:
life-threatening blood clot that occurs in the pulmonary arteries of the lungs which can cause respiratory arrest and sudden death
Signs: • Unexplained sudden onset of shortness of breath
• Chest pain or discomfort that worsens when you take a deep breath or when you cough
• Feeling lightheaded or dizzy, or fainting
• Rapid pulse
• Coughing up blood
A deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
can occur throughout the body, but often the legs, and has the potential to promote postphlebitic syndrome
DVT risk factors: bed rest, surgery, pregnancy, varicose veins, blood-clotting disorder, obesity, smoking, family history, older age
Postphlebitic syndrome
vein inflammation and consequent symptoms such as blood flow reduction, swelling, pain, skin discoloration, and/or sores
Stroke
sudden regional brain death due to lack of O2 - primary causes include vascular blockage (ischemic stroke) and arterial rupture (hemorrhagic stroke)
Ischemic strokes account for ~80% of cases; primarily caused by atherosclerosis and an ensuing blood clot – common of smokers
Hemorrhagic strokes are primarily caused by hypertension (acutely from chronic damage)
Reducing the risk for stroke:
Perform aerobic exercise to lower blood pressure (also helps in recovery from stroke)
Do not smoke cigarettes (promotes the progression of atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis); smokers have a 200-400% increased risk for CHD
Follow dietary habits that do not promote systemic inflammation (e.g., processed foods)
Aerobic training 3-4 days/week for 30-60 min at 60-70% of VO2max can reduce blood pressure directly (4-10 mmHg systolic, 3-8 mmHg diastolic) and limit the risk for hypertension by:
Reducing resting and submaximal exercise heart rates
Reducing hormone activity that increases blood pressure
Improving arterial vasodilation and vessel compliance
Creating baroreceptor adjustments that help the body better manage pressure
Vascular Compliance and Hypertension
Vascular compliance is the ability of the arteries to expand and contract to accommodate changes in blood pressure
Hypertension is the predominant underlying contributor for CVD; about 33% of the US population suffers from the condition
