Imperial and colonial policy (consolidation) Flashcards
(34 cards)
How was a degree of representation acknowledged ion India?
On the provincial level in the 1892 and 1909 reforms.
What divisions did Britain exploit in India?
Between the educated and the peasants. A policy of divide and rule to assert British authority was adopted.
What did economic and social development initiatives often lead to in India?
Morę intervention and taxes.
Why did Britain need Indian collaboration in the civil service?
Because there were strict controls on its size because pay and pensions were very costly.
What was the Servants of India Society?
Active in the Dalit community, want the reform of restrictive laws and practices.
What reforms were done to improve efficiency?
- Improved civil service efficiency
- Founded Imperial Cadett Corps in 1901 to appease the princes
- Reformed universities and police
- Lowered taxes
- Implemented gold standard.
Between what dates was Curzon Viceroy?
1899-1905
What was Curzon mindful of?
INC, which criticises the trading arrangements, restraints on industry, taxes, to fund highly-paid civil servants.
Why was the Bengal Partition problematic.
Bengal split on religious grounds, Hindu West and Muslim East. Sometimes problematic, but Hindu elites in the west own land leased to Muslim peasants. Seen as a punishment for criticism of Britain. INC (dominated by Hindus) uproar. Strikes, protests, boycotts. Curzon resigns in 1905.
What led to the Morley-Minto reforms?
Liberał government of 1906 brought in limited attempts to appease the Bengalis.
What did the Morley-minto reforms include?
Indian Councils act 1909, allows 27 elected from provinces to Viceroy’s council. 1910 reforms allow 135 to get seats.
When was George V visit used to do?
Reunite Bengal in 1911.
What was done to undermine the Hindus.
Capital moved to the Muslim stronghold of Delhi, from Calcutta.
What were the limitations to British rule in Egypt?
- The capitulations: foreigners right to be tried in their own court. Any Egyptian laws have to be approved by Euro powers, not just HB. V Slow
- Caise de la dette. 505 of revenue goes to bond holders (AUS, FR, GER, RUS, HB) control finances and refuse to fund Sudanese conquest.
- Mixed courts: in euro-egyptian matters, not always supportive of GB.
What was the state of democracy in Egypt in this period?
Partially elected parliament w an advisory council of laws and a general assembly. All government ministers had the ‘support’ of a British advisor. If they disagreed they would be dismissed.
What was Baring’s main role in Egypt.
To fix the economy (£10 million debt), cut military and bureaucracy while improving life through irrigation schemes (see Aswan High Dam, improved sanitation and health, new prosperity.
When was Baring Consul general of Egypt?
1883-1907
How many British troops were in the Egyptian army?
6k troops.
What was the growing nationalist movement in Egypt unhappy about?
Corruption, no cloth industry, no opportunities for the educated. Mostly the middle classes.
Who succeeds Baring?
Gorst succeeds Baring and trie to be Harsher. Then, from 1911, Kitchener who forms a new Legislative Assembly in 1913 that is more representative of the rich rather than ordinary people.
When was the nationalist party in Egypt formed?
1881, revived in 1893, attracts the middle class.
How did Britain solve the constraints on its power in Egypt?
1904 Anglo-French Ententę Cordiale to respect GB in Egypt for France in Morocco. Caise de la dette ceases to control Egyptian finances.
What was British policy towards natives?
There was no formal policy, most successful seen in settler colonies. Natives seen as inferior and 2nd class citizens.
From what time do settler colonies have self-government?
Sińce mid-19th century. Canada becomes semi-independent dominion in 1867, Australia in ‘91, New Zealand in 1907. Britain had no control.
