Importance of ATP

Question 1

ATP

ATP is a …

ATP is:
- … (unreactive)
- s…
- easily …
- release … efficiently

Answer 1

Nucleotide

Inert
Soluble
Transported
Energy

Question 2

ATPase

= … that … (breaks) the … between the 2nd & 3rd … group of ATP which releases …

Answer 2

Enzyme
Hydrolyses
Bond
Phosphate
Energy

Question 3

Why does ATP release energy in useable amounts?

So minimal energy is … as …

Answer 3

Wasted

Heat

Question 4

Phosphorylation

= addition of a … group by … reaction

E.g. ATP is synthesised when a phosphate group (Pi) is added to ADP by condensation reaction

ADP + Pi = ATP

Answer 4

Phosphate
Condensation

Question 5

Structure of ATP:

• 3 … group
• r… (Pentose sugar)
• nitrogenous organic … (a…)

Adenine + ribose = …

Answer 5

Phosphate
Ribose
Base (adenine)

Adenosine

Question 6

Chemiosmosis

=flow of … (H+ ions) down an … gradient, through ATP …, found in … particles, which provides … energy needed o synthesise ATP by … of …

Answer 6

Protons
Electrochemical
ATP Synthetase (enzyme)
Stalked
Potential energy
Phosphorylation of ADP

Question 7

Flow of Protons in Mitochondria

Flow from the … space into the …

Answer 7

Intermembrane
Matrix

Question 8

Flow of Protons in Chloroplasts

Flow across the … space into the …

Answer 8

Thylakoid
Stroma

Question 9

Where are protons pumped across membrane by proton pumps fuelled by electron energy?

Mitochondria - … (inner membrane)
Chloroplast - … membrane (inner membrane)

Answer 9

Cristae
Thylakoid

Question 10

Where is there a high conc. of protons (H+ ions)

Mitochondria - … space
Chloroplasts - … space

Answer 10

Inter-membrane
Thylakoid

Question 11

Where do protons flow down a conc. gradient to provide energy for ATP synthesis?

for both mitochondria & chloroplasts:
Through … particles containing ATP …

Answer 11

Stalked
Synthetase

Question 12

Where are free electrons taken up by a final electron acceptor?

Mitochondria - …
Chloroplast - …

Answer 12

Matrix
Stroma

Question 13

Electron Transport Chain & Proton Gradient

• ETC found in … membrane of mitochondria & .. membrane of chloroplasts
• Proton …& electron … alternate to create a proton …
• Electorns pass between electron carriers, providing electron … to drive proton …
• Protons are pumped into the space between outer & inner membrane
• Proton gradient allows protons to pass into the …/… via ATP synthetase
• Electrochemical gradient provides energy for the … of … to form …

Answer 13

Inner & thylakoid

P pumps & e carriers - create p gradient

Energy drives p pumps

Matrix/stroma via ATP synthetase

Phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

Question 14

Describe how the proton gradient that causes ATP synthesis is produced

Membrane is … to …;
protons are … across membrane;
to … space;

Answer 14

Impermeable to protons
Pumped
Inter-membrane

Question 15

Role of Oxygen in the ETC

Accepts …&…
Final … of ETC
Forms … - to maintain flow of …

Answer 15

Protons & electrons
Acceptor
Water
Electrons

Question 16

Origins of Electrons across ETC

…

Answer 16

Hydrogen

Question 17

Importance of ATP in cells

Functions - … synthesis, … transport, muscle … etc.

• energy is supplied in .. amount - less … to …
• easily …
• single … (ATP Synthetase) needed to release … from ATP
• single … needed to be … to release energy

Answer 17

Protein, active, contractions

• small, wasted to heat
• transported
• enzyme, energy
• bond, broke

Question 18

Why is ATP called the ‘universal energy currency’?

Used by all … to provide … for … reactions

Answer 18

Organisms
Energy
Biochemical

Question 19

Explain how ATP is involved in making energy available in cells

Formation of ATP from … of … - requires …
ATPase … ATP into … & … - releases …

Continual transfer of energy

Answer 19

Phosphorylation of ADP - energy
Hydrolyses - ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate ion) - energy