Energy Budget (Aerobic) … ATPs per … molecule (2+0+2+34) - glycolysis - 2 ATPs by … level phosphorylation (net = 4-2) - link - 0 ATPs - Krebs - 2 ATPs by … level phosphorylation - ETC (… at the ..) - 34 ATPs by … phosphorylation

38 Glucose Substrate Substrate Chemiosmosis, Cristae, oxidative

Respiration & Glycolysis Flashcards by Caden Thomas

Respiration

During, high energy …, in … molecules (e.g. … & … acids) are …
The energy released is used to produce … by … (ADP + Pi)
Respiration is catalysed by …

Bonds
Energy-rich
Glucose & fatty acids
Broken

ATP by phosphorylation
Enzymes

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Aerobic Respiration

Complete breakdown of … & requires … as the final electron …
Large amounts of energy are released to produce a large amount of … by … phosphorylation

Glucose
Oxygen
Acceptor

ATP
Oxidative

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Anaerobic Respiration

… breakdown of glucose in the … of oxygen which releases relatively little…, making a small amount of ATP by … level phosphorylation

Incomplete
Absence
Energy
Substrate

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Dehydrogenation

= removal of … atoms from a molecule, catalysed by … (enzyme)

Hydrogen
Dehydrogenase

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Decarboxylation

= Removal of … group from a molecule (by …) which releases relatively …

Carboxyl
Decarboxylase
Carbon dioxide

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NAD & FAD at the ETC

NAD (red) at the ETC releases … ATP
FAD (red) at the ETC releases … ATP

3
2

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Glycolysis

Occurs in the … & is …
1) 2 ATP molecules … glucose (6C), forming h… p… (6C)
2) Hexose phosphate is … so forms 2 t… p… (3C) that both lose 2 … atoms by … (catalysed by …)
3) … (nucleotide) picks the hydrogen forming … NAD
4) 2 ATP molecules are produced by … level phosphorylation which forms … (3C)

Products = 2 …, 2 … NAD & 2 … (net - 2 used at start)

Cytoplasm & anaerobic

1) Phosphorylate
Hexose phosphate

2) unstable
Triose phosphate
Hydrogen
Dehydrogenation (dehydrogenase)

3) NAD
Reduced

4) Substrate
Pyruvate

2 pyruvate
2 reduced NAD
2 ATP

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Glycolysis ATP production

Directly - 2
Indirectly (at …) - 6 (… NADredx 3)

Total = 8

ETC

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The Link Reaction

Occurs in the … … (aerobic)

1) Pyruvate … down its conc. … into the mm (3C)
2) The pyruvate is d… (by… so loses 2 … whihc get picked up by NAD to form NAD red) & d… (by … - lose 1 … in form of …) - forming … (2c)
3) Acetate attaches to … to form …

Products = 2 …, 2 … NAD & 2 …

Mitochondrial matrix

1) diffuses
Gradient

2) dehydrogenated - dehydrogenase, hydrogen
Decarboxylated - decarboxylase, carbon, carbon dioxide (CO2)

Forming acetate

3) coenzyme A - acetyl coenzyme A

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The Link Reaction ATP production

Directly - 0
Indirectly (at …) - 6 (… NAD red x 3)

Total = 6

ETC
2

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The Krebs Cycle

Occurs in the m… m… (aerobic)

1) .. enters and combines with a … compound to from … compound; … is regenerated
2) 6C compound is … - releases 2 … to reduce …; also is … releasing … to form a … compound
3) 5C compound undergoes same as 2) to form a … compound; an … molecule is produced also by … level phosphorylation
4) 2further … reactions occur to regenerate the … compound at the beginning of the cycle reducing another NAD & an FAD - if not regenerated, … would build up & cycle would stop

Products (per glucose) = 2 …, 6 reduced …, 2 reduced … & 4 …

Mitochondrial matrix

1) acetyl coA
4C
6C
CoA (coenzyme A)

2) dehydrogenated
Hydrogen
NAD
Decarboxylation
CO2
5C

3) 4C
ATP
Substrate

4) Dehydrogenation
4C
Acetyl CoenzymeA

Products:
2 ATP
6 reduced NAD
2 reduced FAD
4 CO2

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Krebs Cycle - Products & Functions

2 CoA - … & return to … reaction
2 4C molecules - … to allow cycle to continue
4 CO2 - … product - … out of cell
2 ATP - produced by … level phosphorylation
6 reduced NAD & 2 reduced FAD - pass to the … & donate … & … to the …

Regenerated, link
Regenerated
Waste, diffuses
Cristae, protons & electrons, ETC

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The Krebs Cycle ATP production

Directly - 2
Indirectly (at …) = 22 (… NADred x 3) + (… FADred x 2)

Total = 24

ETC

6
2

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The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Occurs in the … of the … mitochondrial membrane (aerobic)

1) reduced … & … transport pairs of … to the ETC (they are …)
2) reduced NAD is associated with … ETC p… p… - generate … ATP; reduced FAD is associated with … ETC p… p… - generate … ATP; by … phosphorylation
3) As they oxidise, they release … and the … & … derived from the hydrogen atoms drive the process of …
4) Oxygen is the … electron … (e&p combine to form water) - removes … & … from the … - acclimation of protons would destroy the protein … & ATP … would not function so no ATP production & cell would …

Products (per glucose):
34 … molecules
6 …
… NAD & FAD (recycled back)

Cristae, inner

1) NAD & FAD
Hydrogen
Coenzymes

2) 3, proton pumps
2, proton pumps
2
Oxidative

3) hydrogen
Protons & electrons
Chemiosmosis

4) final electron acceptor
Protons & electrons
Matrix
Gradient, Synthetase, die

Products:
34 ATP
6 H2O
oxidised

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Equation for the formation of water at the final electron acceptor

2 H+ + 2e- + 1/2 O2 (from breathing) = H2O

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Cyanide

= a … respiratory … of the … electron …

Prevents … & … passing to … to form …
Thus preventing the the proton … forming between the … space & the …,so … would stop

= non-competitive, inhibitor, final, acceptor

Electrons & protons
Oxygen
Water

Gradient
Inter-membrane
Matrix
Chemiosmosis

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Anaerobic Respiration

Without … as the final electron acceptor, … reactions & … would stop as … & … cannot be … so aren’t available to pick up … atoms

In animals - … continues in …, but … NAD must pass its … atoms to … (pyruvate become fea) - forms … acid

In yeast - pyruvate is …, forming … & releasing … - reduced NAD pass … atoms to … to form …

Glycolysis continues in both

Oxygen
Link
Krebs
NAD & FAD
Re-oxidised
Hydrogen

Glycolysis, cytoplasm, reduced, hydrogen, pyruvate, lactic acid

Decarboxylated, ethanAl, CO2, hydrogen, ethanAl, ethanOl

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Anaerobic respiration ATP production

ATP is produced by … level phosphorylation

NET production = 2 ATP per … (2% efficiency)

Therefore production of ATP is much less … than … phosphorylation in the presence of …

Substrate
Glucose
Efficient
Oxidative
Oxygen

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Energy Budget (Aerobic)

… ATPs per … molecule (2+0+2+34)

glycolysis - 2 ATPs by … level phosphorylation (net = 4-2)
link - 0 ATPs
Krebs - 2 ATPs by … level phosphorylation
ETC (… at the ..) - 34 ATPs by … phosphorylation

38
Glucose

Substrate

Chemiosmosis, Cristae, oxidative

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Energy budget (anaerobic)

… ATPs per … molecule

glycolysis - 2 ATPs by … level phosphorylation (net= 4-2)

2
Glucose

Substrate

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Alternative respiratory substrates:
Lipids

Get … into … acids + … (by …),
The glycerol gets converted into 3C t… p… & enters via …,
the fatty acids are split into 2c … molecules & feed into the … cycle as …

Hydrolysed
Fatty
Glycerol
(Lipase)

Triose phosphate
Glycolysis

acetate
Krebs
Acetyl CoA

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Alternative respiratory substrates:
Proteins

Get … into … … which get … (amino group removed) in the … forming a … acid + …

Some … acids are fed into glycolysis as…, some into Krebs as …

Amino acids are only used as an … source during …

Hydrolysed
Amino acids
Deaminated
Liver
Keto acid + ammonia

Keto
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA

Energy
Starvation

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Respiratory Quotients (RQ)

= no. Of … molecules produced over no. Of … molecules consumed
(E.g. glucose RQ = 1 as both are equal)

Lipids generate more … per unit mass than glucose derived from … in the … &… cells - less… con used & less … produced when glucose is the r… s… - this is why energy is … as … (not fat)

However, … organisms benefits from lipids as it generates more m… w… during …

CO2 over O2

Energy
Glycogen
Liver & muscle cells
O2
CO2
Respiratory substrate
Stored as glycogen

Desert
Metabolic water
Respiration

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Where is the highest conc. of ATP?

… …

Mitochondrial matrix

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How is the flow of protons caused between glycolysis & link reaction? …

Diffusion

How does increasing levels of exercise affect rate of oxygen consumption (athlete vs non athlete)? Athletes have a … rate of O2 consumption; Non-athletes have a … overall increase in O2 expenditure; Athletes have a higher …;

Higher Lower Lung capacity

How does increasing levels of exercise affect rate of lactic acid production (athlete vs non athlete)? Non-athletes produce lactic acid at … levels of … expenditure (exercise) than athletes; More … is availed in athletes (higher …) so less … respiration occurs compared to non-athletes;

Lower Energy O2 Lung capacity Anaerobic

During a marathon, protein may be used as an alternative respiratory substrate, How does this happen? … protein is … into … …; amino acids are … (amino group removed) in the …; amino group is converted into … & excreted, which forms a … acids + a …; Keto acids gets converted into … (glycolysis) or … (Krebs); After being … in the respiratory …;

Body Hydrolysed amino acids Deaminated Liver Urea Keto acid + ammonia Pyruvate or acetyl CoA Oxidised Pathway

What process is this? NADox to NADred …

Dehydrogenation

What process is this? CO2 removed …

Decarboxylation

Roles of reduced NAD in respiration - provides … to … the … in … - provides … to maintain … (…) gradient

-electrons Energise Proton pumps ETC - Protons Proton (electrochemical)

Hydrogen acceptors in respiration -… -… -…

NAD FAD O2

Which metabolic pathway occurs under anaerobic condition? …

Glycolysis

Why might glucose not be a suitable respiratory substrate? Molecule is too … - no … present to … glucose

Big Enzymes Breakdown

What respiratory substrate do mitochondria use? …

Pyruvate

Why might the conc. of oxygen fall? -O2 is the … electron … (in …) -O2 combines with … (protons) & … to form … -thus O2 levels fall as … is synthesised

Final Acceptor ETC H+ Electrons Water ATP

What happens if O2 levels fall drastically? No more … can be synthesised until … is added

ATP O2

Why does the diameter of mitochondria not exceed 1 micrometer? - .. enters - … diffused out - pathway must be short for effecient …

O2 CO2 Diffusion

Process of anaerobic respiration in an animal cell … is … by reduced … Pyruvate is the converted to … acid

Pyruvate Reduced NAD Lactic

How does anaerobic respiration in a yeast cell differ from that in an animal cell? Products: Yeast - … & … Animal - … acid

Ethanol & CO2 Lactic acid

Explain why anaerobic respiration yields less ATP than aerobic respiration Only … occurs in … respiration - most … is produced in the …; Glycolysis normally produced … ATP (total) but lack of … prevents … process - only … produced

Glycolysis Anaerobic ATP ETC; 8 Oxygen ETC 2

How does reduced NAD & FAD created an electrochemical gradient? reduced NAD & FAD pass … to the …; the high … electrons provide …; Used to power … …; On the …; Which pumps … into the … space;

Electrons ETC; Energy Energy; Proton pumps; Cristae; H+/protons Inter-membrane;

2 enzymes used to convert Pyruvate to acetyl coA - … -…

Dehydrogenase Decarboxylase

Suitable tissue to examine mitochondrial function & explain why (skeletal) … tissue; There is a high no. Of … & it is easy to …;

Muscle Mitochondria Access

Why might oxygen consumption be low? Pathway is not working, 2 potential reasons: - … not being … - no … NAD/FAD for … (so no O2 needed)

Enzymes Active Reduced ETC

Why might oxygen consumption be high? Pathways are working correctly’ Enzymes are … & there is enough reduced …/… to drive the … (requires O2)

Active NAD/FAD ETC

What can be determined if there is a build up of any intermediates in the Krebs Cycle? Enzymes (e.g. …/…) catalysing the conversion of the molecule to the next in the cycle are not …

Dehydrogenase Decarboxylase Functional

Why might someone with mitochondrial diseases have raises blood lactate levels? M… p… (2,3,4) are not working; … levels build up; Excess pyruvate is converted into…;

Metabolic pathway Pyruvate Lactate/lactic acid

What happens to carbon dioxide removed by Decarboxylation in humans? … out of …; Into …; Carried as h… c… ions; and … out

Diffuses Mitochondria Blood Hydrogen Carbonate Breathed

How is reduced NAD produced in Krebs? … (removal of … ions) NAD to reduced NAD (…)

Dehydrogenation Hydrogen NADH2

During glycolysis, what happens to reduced NAD under anaerobic condition? … is used to form … acid; … NAD

Pyruvate Lactic Regenerate

Production of Triose phosphate in glycolysis … is … by …; Produces h.. b…; Hexose Bisphosphate is … (6C to 2 3C)

Glucose Phosphorylated ATP Hexose Bisphosphate Split

Explain why anaerobic respiration (in humans) occurs despite lactic acid being toxic in high concentration … reduced NAD; allowing … production by … level …; No O2 to act as the … electron … so NADred must use …

Regenerate ATP Substrate level phosphorylation Final electron acceptor Pyruvate

Why does anaerobic respiration occur in muscle fibres during short bursts of energy? … metabolic pathway

Shorter

Describe the position of the high energy bond of ATP the … between the … 2 … groups of ATP

Bond Last Phosphate

Why is substrate level phosphorylation the simplest way to make ATP? Does not involve …/… So no need for … particles (ATP …), an … gradient etc.

Krebs/ETC Stalked (synthetase) electrochemical

What is the origin of the electron passed along the ETC? …

Hydrogen

Processes that required energy - … transport - … synthesis - … contraction - … conduction

Active Protein Muscle nerve

Why do lipids have higher energy value per molecule than glucose? Contains more … allowing for more … phosphorylation meaning more … produced

Hydrogen Oxidative ATP

Why are fats not the main source of energy? Require more … to …; Leads to more … production; Increasing demand on … to supply O2 & remove CO2; Also, carbs can be used … (supply quick energy without O2)

O2 Breakdown CO2 Blood Anaerobically

Respiration & Glycolysis Flashcards

(60 cards)