Important AO3 Points

Question 1

What is the only strength of the diagnosis and classification of SZ?

Answer 1

It has good reliability.

Question 2

Why does the diagnosis and classification of SZ have good inter-rate reliability?

Answer 2

Different diagnosing clinicians reach the same diagnosis for the same individual.

Question 3

Why does the diagnosis and classification of SZ have good test-retest reliability?

Answer 3

When the same clinician reaches the same diagnosis for the same individual on two occasions.

Question 4

How many individualS did Osorio et al report an excellent diagnosis using the DSM-5?

Answer 4

180.

Question 5

What did the pairs of interviewers achieve in regards to inter-rate reliability?

Answer 5

An inter-rater reliability of +0.97.

Question 6

What did the pairs of interviewers achieve in regards to test-retest reliability?

Answer 6

They achieved a test-retest reliability of +0.92.

Question 7

What does good reliability suggest in regards to the classification and diagnosis of SZ?

Answer 7

We can be reasonably sure that the diagnosis of SZ is consistently applied.

Question 8

How do you access validity of a psychiatric diagnosis?

Answer 8

Criterion validity.

Question 9

What was Cheniaux’s (2009) study about low validity on?

Answer 9

She had 2 psychiatrists independandy assess the same 100 clients using ICD-10 and DSM-4 criteria.
- ICD-10 = 68 diagnosed.
- DSM-4 - 39 diagnosed.

Question 10

What does Cheniaux’s study suggest about schizophrenia?

Answer 10

SZ is either over or underdiagnosed according to the diagnostic system, either way is has low criterion validity.

Question 11

What is co-morbidity?

Answer 11

When a patient has 2 disorders/ diagnoses at the same time.

Question 12

What condition is SZ commonly diagnosed alongside with?

Answer 12

One review found that about half of the diagnosed with SZ also had a diagnosis of depression or substance abuse.

Question 13

Why is comorbidity an issue for SZ?

Answer 13

SZ may not exist as a distinct condition and people could get misdiagnosed.

Question 14

What gender has been more commonly diagnosed and since when?

Answer 14

Men since the 1980’s.

Question 15

Why have men been more commonly diagnosed?

Answer 15

Women are underdiagnosed because they have closer relationships and hence get support.
-> Leads to women with SZ often functioning better than men.

Question 16

Why is gender bias an issue in SZ?

Answer 16

Women may not be receiving treatment and services which might benefit them.

Question 17

Why is culture bias an issue for SZ?

Answer 17

Some symptoms of SZ (like hearing voices) have different meanings and are more normalised in different cultures so therefore may be mis/ under diagnosed.
-> Also leads to discrimination.

Question 18

What is the statistic of African-Caribbean people compared to British in diagnosis rates?

Answer 18

British people of African-Caribbean origin are up to 9x as likely to receive a diagnosis as white British people.

Question 19

What is symptom overlap?

Answer 19

Where the symptoms of 2 or more conditions overlap and correlate with each other.

Question 20

What disorder is similar to SZ?

Answer 20

Bipolar disorder, have the same positive symptom (delusions) and negative symptoms (avolition).

Question 21

Why is symptom overlap a limitation of the diagnosis of SZ?

Answer 21

SZ may not exist as a distinct condition and if it did it’s hard to diagnose properly.
-> Means both the classification and diagnosis are flawed.