Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Fundamentals of Psychology p.I > Important terms/theories > Flashcards

Important terms/theories Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Mechanical theory about reflexes (Descartes)

A

Signal/sensation travels through nerves via brain back to the body part, leads to involuntary behavior –> Fout, pad is te lang!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reflex arc (sensory and motor nerves) (Marshal Hall)

A

Sensory receptors –> via spinal cord –> interneuronen –> Motorneuronen –> motor command

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Organology (Gall)

A

Difference in predisposition can be seen in cortical development (hersenen, schedelonderzoek, larger cortical area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cranioscopy (Gall)

A

Differences in cortical development can be seen in nodules of the skull (schedelknobbels, denk aan een talenknobbel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Phrenology (Spurzheim)

A

Combination of organology and cranioscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Equipotentiality theory (Flourens)

A

Psychological functions are indivisible properties of the cortex as a whole (als je een deel van het brein afsnijdt nemen andere breidelen de functie over)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Reticularism (Golgi)

A

The brain and the bulding blocks of the brain are a continuous network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cells that fire together, wire together / Long-term potentiation

A

The more often, the easier

Cells (neurons) grow towards each other (zo leer je dus bijv.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Darwin’s localization theory brain

A

Evolutionary oldest in the lower part of the brain (reptielenbrein), evolutionary newest in the upper part of the brain (PFC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mesmerism (pseudowetenschap)

A

Believe in animal magnetism (=hypnoticism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Spiritualism

A

Spirits influence the world around us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Computer analogy (Turing)

A

A psychological process (reasoning) can be done by a machine (the mind is software of the brain that is hardware)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Language Acquisition Device (Chomsky)

A

The LAD is an innate device with which you are able to learn language (according to Chomsky)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Computer analogy

A

Computer analogy: a psychological process (reasoning) can be done by a machine (the mind is software of the brain that is hardware)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Law of effect

A

Reward: behavior will be repeated
Punishment: behavior will be less/not repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Turing machine

A

Machine developed by Alan Turing.

This is a hypothetical machine that can simulate ANY computer algorithm, no matter how complicated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Behaviorism

A

Positivism + Learning theory + Operationalism = behaviorism

A systematic approach towards understanding human behavior.
It assumes that behavior is an outcome of influences from environmental stimuli, your history, punishment and reinforcement (nothing you do is voluntary, there is no free will).

Aanhangers: Skinner, Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Animism

A

Universum verklaren met bovennatuurlijke dingen, zoals geesten (human-like spirits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Protowriting

A

We don’t really see this as writing, though. Very simple writing (symbols didn’t stand for anything)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pictograms

A

Symbols that represent sounds en phonograms (letters, geluiden, klanken)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Logographic

A

For every word there is a sign/logo (The word does not represent the cat itself, doesn’t look like it, just means cat, like the lettres ‘cat’)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Subitising

A

The ability to rapidly and accurately distinguish small entities (tellen basically)

Early on human could distinguish up to 3 entities

(also in tribes from nowadays (can count 1, 2 and many)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Grouping

A

Turfen (met 5) om tellen makkelijker te maken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Place coding system

A

Meaning of a sign depends not only on its shape, but also its position in series (required number 0) –> 142 (1 staat voor 100, 4 voor 40, 2 voor 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Ontology
Wat is het om te zijn, hoe zit de wereld in elkaar (ontologie --> being)
26
Epistemology
Wat is waar, kennis (epistemologie --> knowledge)
27
Aesthetics
Leer van schoonheid, waarom mooi/ waarom niet (esthetiek --> beauty)
28
Ethics
Wat is goed en wat is fout, normen en waarden (ethiek --> morality)
29
Panta Rhei
You never step into the same river twice (everything flows, no two things are the same)
30
Rationalism
Stroming, "Real knowledge derives from the ratio".
31
Grotallegorie
By Plato: Je denkt dat de schaduwen de werkelijkheid zijn maar is niet zo, de waarheid is buiten dus die kennen mensen niet, als je mensen uitlegt geloven ze je niet. In de ideeënhemel is alles mooier. Je hebt wel de aangeboren kennis om tot dat vermogen te komen om de waarheid te zien want nativisme (believed in reincarnation in a way).
32
Tabula rasa
(Aristotle) Mensen komen als onbeschreven blad ter wereld (blank slate). (Popular with John Locke and behaviorists as well)
33
Axioms
General laws that are no longer derived from other laws & are acquired through experience.
34
Syllogism
Argumentatie met p1, p2, c etc.
35
Stoa/Stoicism
(Zeno) Best to minimize your feelings, live by the reason and take the world as it is (Hond en paard metafoor) Ultieme chillers, je moet het allemaal lekker laten gaan, geen zorgen maken.
36
Epicurism
(Epicurus) Happiness is the ultimate pursuit, living as balanced as possible to achieve this - inspired Comte
37
Scepticism
(Phyrro) Doubt everything. No one can ever know for sure. Inspired Descartes (I think therefore I am) Inspired David Hume (problem of induction) Inspired nowaday science (question everything in experiments i.e.)
38
Preliterate civilizations
civilizations before writing was invented.
39
Learning theory
(Hippo) People learn by prior experience, cognitive influences, emotional influences and environmental influences (kind of behavioristic)
40
Problem of other minds
(Hippo) You don't know if things appear to other (people's) minds as they appear to us (i.e. my red can be your blue, although we all use the name "red").
41
Ptolemeic/geocntric modal
Earth is the centre of the universe and planets and the sun orbits the earth.
42
Epicycli
(Kepler): circles moving on another big circle around the earth (lussen) Explain retrograde movements of planets
43
Heliocentric model
The sun is in the middle of the universe, earth and other planets orbit the sun
44
Thought-experiment with a boat
When a boat sails, you don't feel that it's moving, because you move with the same speed and movement as the boat. --> this is a metaphor for the turning of the earth
45
Thought-experiment with a ball (and boat)
If you drop a ball, it will (for you) look like it's dropping in a straight line because you move with the same speed --> this is the same with the earth turning
46
Idol of the tribe
(Bacon) Whole human race: Thinking errors (denkfouten/biases) that people make - Optical illusion(i.e. human urge to see patterns everywhere, even if they're not there) - Confirmation bias (people that have survived something think it's because of God or maybe because of their compulsion/ritual)
47
Idol of the cave
Prejudices that you share with others your culture/group that share your interests and habits - Majority bias - Prejudices (racism)
48
Idol of the marketplace
Language, biases as a consequence of language - Reification - Looping effect
49
Reification
Because you have a word for something, it suddenly 'exists' (like depression, although you can't physically see or touch it).
50
Looping effect
When you call someone depressive (in clinical psychology f.e.), that person will behave depressive.
51
Idol of the theatre
Fallacy/thinking error because of authority - authority bias ("Socrates says it, so it must be real")
52
Novum Organum
First methodology book, by Bacon About how prejudice can be overcome by use of methodology.
53
Experiment fructifera
(fruitdragend) experiments to find practical solutions (how much water needed for these apples)
54
Experiment lucifer(a)
(lichtdragend) experiments to create clarity (mental, theoretical, deeper)
55
Crucial instances
Everything with an alternative explanation (verklaring) --> so actually almost everything
56
Principa mathematica
Exact theory by Newton about simpler maths, easier formula's (made with a combination of Compernicus', Galilei's and Kepler's ideas)
57
Positivism
A movement that believed you can only obtain authentic knowledge by using scientific methods, science). So, religion and philosophy are inferior. Rationalistic! (but also empirical because you have to be able to proof everything) Comte was a supporter of positivism
58
Romanticism
Counter-movement of positivism. Unconsciousness and intuitions are most important. Humanities (geesteswetenschappen), folk science (instead of real science). Science is not the answer, it's deeper. (Freud was a real romanticist, later in time).
59
Introspection
Looking inside, studying yourself and your own thoughts as a scientific method
60
Donders experiment
He found that choice was the longest reaction time, then recognition, then simple.
61
Structuralism
Mental states are built on basic properties (basale eigenschappen) i.e.: fear is a combination of sweat, muscle tension and palpitations
62
Gestalt-psychology
Opposite of structuralism "Het geheel is meer dan de som der delen" Dividing the mind into different parts will not increase our understanding of the mind (see optical illusions) Hollistic viewpoint
63
"Het geheel is meer dan de som der delen"
The full things is more than just the adding of the parts it consists of (like optical illusions)
64
Stream of thoughts
Experiences/ideas are always moving --> panta rhei | useless thing die, but not fear because fear increases our chance for survival
65
Functionalisme
We should focus on the function of psychological phenomena rather than the structure!
66
Facial feedback hypothesis
When you fake smile, you become happier i.e. (so using the same muscles as you would when smiling, will give the same happy feeling)
67
Binet-Simon test
Used to measure kids' mental age. Kids solve small problems to measure this. Sum score used (first time!)
68
Doubt experiment
(Descartes) The only thing that exists is my doubt (je kunt alleen niet twijfelen aan dat je twijfelt) Je kan twijfelen aan waarneming en experimenten You can be fooled by a malicious genius (like the matrix)
69
Cogito ergo sum
(Descartes) | "I think, therefor I am"
70
Interaction problem
How does an immaterial mind interact with a material body?
71
Esse est percepii
(Berkeley) | "To be, is to be perceived"
72
A-priori kennis categories
Causality, time, order, space We use this innate knowledge to structure perception (a-priori knowledge + empirical perceptions = proof) Because of this science is possible again (solves Hume's problem)

Fundamentals of Psychology p.I (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions