Rijtjes

Question 1

Shortcomings Brysbaert and Rastle

Answer 1

Both cognitive psychologists –> Very much focussed on cognition in (healthy) adults

Don’t focus on: development, neuropharmacology, emotion, human behavior/human life (sleep, sex, food, agression, altruism etc.)

Question 2

Evolution of ideas emotion in the brain

Answer 2

(1884) James & Lange: first action, then emotions

(1920) Cannon: Thalamus is emotion area
(1930) Bard: Hypothalamus is emotion area

(1930-1950) General idea: hypothalamus for emotions, drives, irrationality, unconsciousness, cortex for ratio, control, consciousness

(1949) MacLean: visceral brain
(1952) MacLean: from visceral brain –> limbic system
(1990) MacLean: triune brain

1990-2010: Amygdala as emotion centre (a new hypothalamus)

Nowadays: dynamic network

Question 3

3 Laws of Alexander Luria

Answer 3

1. Law of hierarchical structure (cortical areas more dominant than (secondary), lower-lying areas)
2. Law of diminishing specificity (the further information is processed in the brain, the less specific, less abstract it will be (the simpler?)
3. Law of progressive lateralization (in the cortical hemispheres more functioning lateralization can be found than in the lower lying areas)

Question 4

3 Ventricles Vesalius

Answer 4

1 Anterior ventricle: common sense, fantasy
2 Second ventricle: thoughts, oordeel
3 Posterial ventricle: memory

Question 5

Problems with fMRI/antidepressants

Answer 5

1. Correlatie is geen causaliteit! (fMRI)
2. Assumes that localization is true
3. Simplification emotion-ratio (anger is only this part of the brain –> too simple)
4. Conclusies zijn niet zo hard als mensen ze stellen, blijf twijfelen, onderzoeken
5. What will get a color in fMRI –> depends on experimental set up, statistical analysis (so prone to biases)
6. Problem with antidepressants: doesn’t always work (overschat), risks are great, quitting symptoms & almost no evidence for hypothesis that serotonin deficiency is causing depression

Question 6

Lindberg’s research findings

Answer 6

1. Skills from preliterate civilizations were based on practice (know-how, not on understanding the underlying principles).
2. Knowledge of history of a certain tribe was limited to 2 generations, the rest was lost (mainly practical skills, what to do when).
3. Animism

Question 7

Ontstaan schrift –> consequences (gevolgen)?

Answer 7

• spreading ideas (time and space)
• religion
• accumulation of knowledge
• transfer information without having to be phisically there (oral)
• money (finances)
• cipher (cijferschrift)
• assumptions/claims could be preserved (ideas, religion)
• complex social structures

Question 8

Why Subitise (turfed) with 5?

Answer 8

1. Five seems to be the first of numbers that exceeds perceptual limits
2. There are 5 fingers on 1 hand

Question 9

Neolitical revolution –> consequences (gevolgen)?

Answer 9

1. from nomadic hunters –> farmers
2. Community with different roles (farmers, smiths etc.)
3. More time left (no travelling, more food produced) –> more thinking, more knowledge!
4. Political stability
5. Verstedelijking (urbanisation), protection
6. Beschikbaarheid schijfsystemen

Question 10

What were the factors that resulted I scientific growth (in neolitical revolution)?

Answer 10

1. urbanisation
2. patronage
3. writing systems
4. counting systems

Question 11

Who were the two most famous post-socrates?

Answer 11

Plato and Aristotle

Question 12

How is the idea of innate knowledge still relevant to this day forward?

Answer 12

1. Young children capable of causal reasoning and young children look surprised when natural laws are violated –> signs of innate knowledge
2. LAD Chomsky still relevant
3. We don’t think innate knowledge come from reincarnation, but from evolution nowadays

Question 13

What were the 3 souls that Aristotle distinguishes?

Answer 13

1. Vegetative soul: Every living organism has one
2. Animal soul: Only humans and animals have one (like memory)
3. Rational soul: Only humans have one (i.e. rational thinking, reasoning)

Question 14

Knowledge according to Aristotle is based on?

Answer 14

1. sensory perception
2. induction
3. logic: deduction using axioms

Question 15

What were the 2 types of knowledge according to Aristotle?

Answer 15

1. Productive knowledge

2. Practical knowledge

Question 16

What were the ideas that church taught humans before the scientific revolution?

Answer 16

1. Geocentric/Ptolemaic model
2. Earth is 6000 years old
3. Mankind is not like animals
4. Heaven and hell exist
5. Thinking happens in our immaterial mind (not in the brain)

Question 17

What were the 2 problems with the geocentric model? And what was the solution?

Answer 17

1. Why do planets rise and set (and the sun)?
2. How does that explain retrograde movements?

Solution: epicycli

Question 18

Why did Copernicus publish his idea of the heliocentric model only after about 30 years?

Answer 18

1. He was scared of objections
2. He was scared of the church
3. He was scared people would laugh at him

Question 19

What were the 5 objections of/questions about the heliocentric model?

Answer 19

1. Heliocentric model does not describe the data very well
2. Heliocentric model is just as complicated as the geocentric model
3. If the earth is spinning around the sun, why don’t we fall of the earth? (later explained by boat-experiment)
4. If the earth rotates, why do things fall straight down? (later explained by ball-experiment)
5. Why isn’t the moon orbiting the sun?

Question 20

What were the 2 problems with epicycli?

Answer 20

1. Lead to a complex maths model

2. Does not completely/fully explain the retrograde movements

Question 21

What were Bacon’s 4 idols?

Answer 21

1. Idol of the tribe
2. Idol of the cave
3. Idol of the marketplace
4. Idol of the theatre

Question 22

How do we still see Bacon’s influence nowadays?

Answer 22

1. Experiments (and doubting results)
2. Peer review
3. Replication of research
4. Statistical hypothesis tests

Question 23

What were the 3 stadia of civilization according to Comte?

Answer 23

1. Theocratical stadium: all (theories) can be explained by god and ghosts
2. Metaphysical stadium: philosophy ad the explanation for everything
3. Positivistic stadium: explanations are given by natural science (everything you can test is knowledge, walhalla, the best)

Question 24

What were the 3 counter-positivism movements?

Answer 24

1. Romance: strong feelings, the unconscious and intuitions as key concepts. Research into classics, literature, art.
2. Humanities: “It is dangerous and unnecessary to replace traditional findings with rationality and science.”

Folk Science: understanding and predicting the natural and social world, without using rigorous methodologies

Question 25

What was Comte's critique on introspection?

Answer 25

1. Not reliable because there is no distinction between the investigated and investigator 2. No objectivity 3. Panta Rhei

Question 26

What was Kant's critique on introspection?

Answer 26

1. Cannot be described mathematically because mental things have no quantitative properties 2. Consciousness cannot be kept constant 3. Observing the mind, changes the mind (Panta Rhei)

Question 27

What were the 3 believes that stood in the way of psychology becoming a science?

Answer 27

1. Humans are not like natural phenomena, so cannot be described mathematically. 2. Humans are different from animals, so biology is not relevant for psychology. 3. Human body is controlled by an immaterial mind (and cannot even be confirmed)

Question 28

How do we still see results of Donder's findings nowadays?

Answer 28

Decision making studies, Implicit-association Task (IAT)

Question 29

What were the 3 factors that resulted in psychology becoming a science?

Answer 29

1. Rise of psychometrics 2. Evolution theory Darwin (Human and animal behavior interwoven) - humans lose their special status compared to animals --> the question "who are we" can be answered with science now 3. Mind is in the brain (is not immaterial), localization

Question 30

What were the 2 critiques on structuralism?

Answer 30

1. Uses introspection which is bad (biased, not scientific enough) 2. Doesn't focus on pragmatic issues and can't answer them either (pragmatisch: nut en bruikbaarheid)

Question 31

What was the development of people with disorders from the 15th-19th century?

Answer 31

Before 16th century: Lived on streets, possessed by evil spirits 16th-19th century: authorities decide --> mental prisons/hospitals 19th century: neurology, biological components, hypnosis, psychological therapy

Question 32

How can we still see the influences of Freud nowadays?

Answer 32

Unconsciousness still relevant Defense mechanisms still relevant Solving psychological problems by talking Psychoanalysis still being used

Question 33

How can we still see Binet's influence nowadays?

Answer 33

We use personality tests, application tests, educational tests.

Question 34

Explain how Descartes gives proof of God.

Answer 34

Because I doubt I'm not perfect. The idea of perfection must've been placed in my mind by something perfect --> God Since God is perfect he would not want to fool us, so the world around us exists, is real.

Question 35

Give 3 similarities of Descartes and Berkeley.

Answer 35

1. God explains it all. 2. Both European philosophers 3. Both formulated theories about principles of knowledge

Question 36

Give 3 differences between Descartes and Berkeley.

Answer 36

1. Descartes = dualist, Berkeley = idealist 2. Descartes says reason is the main source of knowledge, Berkeley says perception is the main source of knowledge 3. Descartes believes in an external world because God would not fool us as he's perfect, Berkeley believes that the material world is real but is not material.

Question 37

Name Hume's 3 laws of causality.

Answer 37

1. Proximity of cause and effect (nabijheid) 2. Cause precedes consequence (oorzaak voor gevolg 3. Necessary connection between cause and effect (by use of induction, but induction is invalid!)