Important trends & numbers Flashcards
(259 cards)
1
Q
Piglet: BW at birth
A
1-2kg
2
Q
Piglet: Age & BW at the start of weaning
A
- 28 days
- 7-9kg
3
Q
Piglet: Age & BW when given starter feed
A
- 42 days
- 13kg
4
Q
Piglet: Age & BW when given piglet diet
A
- 70 days
- 20-25kg
5
Q
Stages of nutrition for piglets from birth
A
- Milk
- Creep feed (Milk + Prestarter)
- Weaning → Prestarter
- Starter
- Piglet diet
6
Q
Piglet: FI (feed intake) required to start a piglet diet
A
1 - 1.2 kg/day
7
Q
Piglet: Age & BW when piglets are chosen for their line (fattening/gilts)
A
- 90 days
- 25-30kg
8
Q
Piglet: From pre-starter diet → piglet diet, give the trend of:
- CP %
- DE (MJ/kg)
A
- CP %: ↓
- DE (MJ/kg): →
9
Q
Piglet: Give the trend of Lysine (%) requirement with BW
A
As BW ↑ = Lysine requirement ↓
10
Q
Piglet: How much pre starter is eaten during suckling?
A
1kg
11
Q
Piglet: When are antibodies no longer absorbed from the colostrum?
A
24-35hrs after birth
12
Q
When is colostrum produced by the sow?
A
10hrs before birth → 36hrs after farrowing
13
Q
What is the relationship of P to Ca in sow colostrum
A
P > Ca (Because piglets require more P)
14
Q
Piglet: Give the trend of Calcium requirement from the point of birth
A
From birth → 2w old
Calcium requirement ↑
15
Q
Piglet: Iron supplement required a few days after birth
A
200mg IM
16
Q
Piglet: Age of weaning using the traditional system
A
8 Weeks
17
Q
Piglet: Age of weaning using the segregated early weaning
A
2 weeks
18
Q
Piglet weaning systems: Which has the highest and lowest solid feed consumption?
A
- Traditional system (highest)
- Recent system (usual)
- Segregated early weaning (lowest)
19
Q
Piglet: Describe the trend of digestive enzyme levels from the point of birth
A
- All increase from birth → weaning
- Weaning: 10 day critical period: Levels drop
- Levels increase again
20
Q
Piglet: Trend of piglet feeds from BW 3-5kg → 120kg for
- CP %
- DE (MJ/kg)
A
- CP %: ↓
- DE (MJ/kg): →
21
Q
Piglet: DM consumption/day
A
3-4% BW
22
Q
Feeding & nutrition of replacement gilts starts at…
A
- 90 days of age
- 25-30kg BW
23
Q
Age & BW of pigs sold for: Pork production
A
- 16 Weeks
- 60-75kg
24
Q
Age & BW of pigs sold for: Bacon
A
- 22 weeks
- 80-85 kg
25
Age & BW of pigs sold as: Heavy hog
* 27 weeks
* 90-120 kg
26
Water requirement for: 20-60 kg pig
4 l/day
27
Water requirement for: 60-115 kg pig
5.5 l/day
28
As the BW of a pig ↑, describe the:
1. Feed intake **(% of BW)**
2. Average daily growth
1. Feed intake **(% of BW)**: ↓
2. Average daily growth: ↑
29
Describe the trend from growing → finishing pig feed for:
1. DM %
2. CP %
3. DE (MJ/kg)
1. DM %: →
2. CP %: ↓
3. DE (MJ/kg): →
30
From what point does pig feed stop being Ad libitum for fattening pigs?
50kg BW
## Footnote
*Feed is then controlled*
31
Give the Protein : Energy ratio requirement for fattening pigs
* **Initially:** 14g : 1 MJ
* **30-50kgbw:** 12g : 1 MJ
32
Feeding & nutrition of fattening pigs starts at...
* 90 days of age
* 25-30kg BW
33
Feeding & nutrition of fattening pigs ends at...
* 180 days
* 120kg BW
34
Dietary fat requirement for a fattening pig
3% DM (not too much though)
35
The proportion of linoleic acid in the fattening pig's diet will ... with BW
Increase
36
Timing of replacement gilt's:
* First preselection
* Second preselection
* **First preselection:** 90 days / 25-30 kg
* **Second preselection:** 140 days / 80-90 kg
37
When is puberty for the replacement gilt?
170 days
38
Give the following parameters for **phase 1** of high lean gilt rationing:
1. BW (kg)
2. Back fat (mm)
3. Feeding strategy (kg/day)
1. BW (kg): **25-60**
2. Back fat (mm): **\<7**
3. Feeding strategy (kg/day): **Ad lib**
39
Give the following parameters for **phase 2** of high lean gilt rationing:
1. BW (kg)
2. Back fat (mm)
3. Feeding strategy (kg/day)
1. BW (kg): **60-125**
2. Back fat (mm): **7-16**
3. Feeding strategy (kg/day): **1.8-2.2**
40
Give the following parameters for **phase 3** of high lean gilt rationing:
1. BW (kg)
2. Back fat (mm)
3. Feeding strategy (kg/day)
1. BW (kg): **125-140**
2. Back fat (mm): **16-18**
3. Feeding strategy (kg/day): **Ad lib**
41
Give the following parameters for **phase 4** of high lean gilt rationing:
1. BW (kg)
2. Back fat (mm)
3. Feeding strategy (kg/day)
1. BW (kg): **Early gestation**
2. Back fat (mm): **18-20**
3. Feeding strategy (kg/day): **1.8-2.0**
42
Nutrient requirements for _industrial_ _average_ replacement gilts:
1. CP %
2. DE (MJ/kg)
1. CP %: **14-16**
2. DE (MJ/kg): **13**
43
Nutrient requirements for _lean_ replacement gilts:
1. CP %
2. DE (MJ/kg)
1. CP %: **13-14** *(lower than average)*
2. DE (MJ/kg): **14** *(higher than average)*
44
**Replacement gilt:** BW & age at first heat
* BW: 110 kg
* Age: 190 days
45
**Replacement gilt:** BW & age at insemination (2nd/3rd heat)
* BW: **140 kg**
* Age: **210 days**
46
The period of flushing in replacement gilts occurs in which BW range?
**125-140kg**
47
**Gilt:** Flushing requires how much feed/day?
**3.5 kg/day**
48
When does flushing of replacement gilts occur?
**11-14 days prior to insemination**
49
How long is the gestation period for sows?
**114 days** *(3m, 3w, 3d)*
50
Give the following parameters of a sow at the point of _insemination_:
1. Age (days)
2. BW (kg)
3. Back fat (mm)
1. Age (days): **200-220**
2. BW (kg): **135-150**
3. Back fat (mm): **16-18**
51
Give the following parameters of a sow at the point of _parturition_:
1. Age (days)
2. BW (kg)
3. Back fat (mm)
1. Age (days): **315**
2. BW (kg): **170-180**
3. Back fat (mm): **18-20**
52
Give the feed required for a pregnant sow:
1. Day 0→4
2. Day 4→30
3. Day 30→90
4. Day 90→112
5. Day 112→113
6. Day 113→114
1. Day 0→4: **1.8-2.3 kg/day**
2. Day 4→30: **Feed according to BCS**
3. Day 30→90: **1.8-2.3 kg/day**
4. Day 90→112: **2.7-3.6 kg/day**
5. Day 112→113: **2.5-3.0 kg/day**
6. Day 113→114: **1.0-1.8 kg/day (liquid)**
53
Composition of the pregnant sow diet:
1. CP %
2. DE (MJ/kg)
3. CF%
4. Lysine
1. CP %: **13.5**
2. DE (MJ/kg): **14.2**
3. CF%: **10**
4. Lysine: **0.6**
54
How long is the lactation period for a sow?
28 days
55
Give the feed requirement of the lactating sow:
1. Day 0
2. Day 1
3. Day 2
4. Day 3
5. Day 4
6. Day 5
7. Days 6-28
8. Day 28 (weaning)
9. Heat
1. Day 0: **Low appetite**
2. Day 1: **2-2.5 kg/day**
3. Day 2: **+1 kg/day**
4. Day 3: **+1 kg/day**
5. Day 4: **+1 kg/day**
6. Day 5: **+1 kg/day**
7. Days 6-28: **Ad libitum**
8. Day 28 (weaning): **4 kg/day**
9. Heat: **1.5-2 kg/day**
56
Give the back fat thickness of a lactating sow
18-20mm
57
Give the nutritional requirement of the lactating sow:
1. CP %
2. Energy (MJ/kg)
3. Lysine %
1. CP %: **18-19**
2. Energy (MJ/kg): **14.2**
3. Lysine %: **1.0**
58
Give the required water supply and temperature for a lactating sow
* 2 litres/minute (of 40 litres/day)
* 18°C
59
Give the nutritional value of sow milk
1. CP%
2. DM%
3. Fat%
1. CP%: **3**
2. DM%: **18**
3. Fat%: **7.5**
60
Give the DMI for a horse
1.5% of BW *(e.g 7.5kg for a 500kg horse)*
61
Give the DE requirement for a horse
70 MJ/day *(0.14xBW(kg))*
62
Give the protein requirement for horse
690g/day (9.5 x DE)
63
Give the CF requirement for a horse
16-18%
64
Give the Ca requirement for a horse
4 g/100bwkg *(≈20g/day)*
65
Give the P requirement for a horse
3 g/bwkg *(≈15 g/day)*
66
Give the Ca:P ratio requirement for horse
1.5-2 : 1
67
Give the water requirement for horse
5 litres/100kgbw *or 2 litres/kgDM*
## Footnote
*(≈25 litres/day)*
68
Give the ideal BCS for a horse
Breed & use dependent:
BCS **4** (racehorse) → BCS **6** (dressage/brood mare)
69
Give the daily mass of pasture eaten by a horse
35-50kg/day
70
Give the daily mass of silage eaten by a horse per day
10 kg/day
71
Give the Forage : Concentrate ratio for:
1. Light work horse
2. Moderate work horse
3. Intense work horse
1. Light work horse: **65:35**
2. Moderate work horse: **50:50**
3. Intense work horse: **35:65**
## Footnote
*Harder working horses need more concentrate than forage*
72
Give the minimal daily hay requirement for horse
1.5-2% BW *(≈10kg for a 500kg horse)*
73
Give the gestation period for the mare
330-360 days
74
Optimum BCS for mare
6 *(6.5→8 on the internet)*
75
Give the DE (MJ/kg) requirement for a pregnant mare during:
1. First 8 months gestation
2. Month 9 gestation
3. Month 10 gestation
4. Month 11 gestation
1. First 8 months: **Maintenance** *(70 MJ/day)*
2. Month 9: **+10%** *(77 MJ/day)*
3. Month 10: **+15%** *(88.5 MJ/day)*
4. Month 11: **+20%** *(106.3 MJ/day)*
76
CP requirement for the pregnant mare
CP **(g/day)** = 10.5 x DE
*Ranges from 750g/day →* **970g/day (11mo.)**
77
Give the feed intake for the pregnant mare:
1. Month 0→8
2. Month 9→11
1. Month 0→8: **1.5-2kg forage + 0.5kg concentrate**
2. Month 9→11: **0.5-1kg forage + 1-1.5kg concentrate**
**During pregnancy:** Forages ↓; Concentrates ↑
78
How long is the mare's lactation period?
≈5-6 months
79
Give the quantity of milk produced per day for the mare
12-18 kg/day
## Footnote
*(Peak during month 2 of lactation)*
80
Give the composition of mare milk:
1. DM%
2. CP%
3. Fat%
4. Lactose%
1. DM%: **10.4**
2. CP%: **2.2**
3. Fat%: **1.6**
4. Lactose%: **6.4**
81
Mare: Give the nutritional requirement for lactation: Energy
DEl = 3.3 MJ DE/kg milk produced
82
Mare: Give the nutritional requirement for lactation: Protein (DCP)
1. Month 0→3 lactation
2. Month 3→6 lactation
1. Month 0→3 lactation: **12 x DE**
2. Month 3→6 lactation: **11 x DE**
*Forage stays the same, while concentrates* ↓ from month 3
83
Give the amount of milk consumed by a foal
Starts from **20-25% BW → 17-20%BW**
## Footnote
*Over a space of 5 weeks*
84
Give the birth weight of the foal
Usually 10% of the adult's BW
This doubles after 2 weeks
85
When does creep feed of foals start?
2-3 weeks of age
## Footnote
*Simple cereals/pelleted feeds*
86
Weaning the foal: How much oat would you give a 4month old foal?
4 litres of oat
## Footnote
*Increases proportionally with age*
87
Weaning of the foal occurs when...
* Age is 5-6 months
* It weighs 40-45% of its adult weight
88
What is the foal fed at the point of weaning
1kg concentrate + 2.5kg hay/day
89
Give the CP requirement of foal at:
1. Weaning
2. 1 years old
3. 2 years old
1. Weaning: **DE x 12** *(14% CP)*
2. 1 years old: **DE x 11**
3. 2 years old: **DE x 10**
90
Give the concentrate intake for a foal at:
1. 3 months
2. 6 month
3. 12 months
4. 18 months
5. 24 months
1. 3 months: **1-2 %BW**
2. 6 month: **2-3 %BW**
3. 12 months: **1-2 %BW**
4. 18 months**: 1-1.5 %BW**
5. 24 months**: 1-1.5 %BW**
91
Give the forage intake for a foal at:
1. 3 months
2. 6 month
3. 12 months
4. 18 months
5. 24 months
1. 3 months: **0**
2. 6 month: **0.5-1 %BW**
3. 12 months: **1-1.5 %BW**
4. 18 months: **1-1.5 %BW**
5. 24 months: **1-1.5 %BW**
92
At 1 year, what should the weight of foal be?
60% of the mother's weight (to prevent DOD)
93
Ca:P Ratio requirement for foal
1.5-2 : 1
94
BW of a foal aged 2 weeks
100kg
95
BW of a foal aged 12 months
60% of adult weight
96
Max weight of feed for a breeding stallion
2.5kg/100kgbw *(≈15kg)*
97
NaCl requirement for a breeding stallion
10-15 g/100kg
98
**Work horse:** Forage : Concentrate ratio for:
1. Light work
2. Medium work
3. Hard work
1. **Light work:** 65/35
2. **Medium work:** 50/50
3. **Hard work:** 35/65
99
**Work horse:** DM requirement for:
1. Light work
2. Medium work
3. Hard work
1. **Light work:** 1.5-2.25 kg/100kgbw
2. **Medium work:** 1.75-2.5 kg/100kgbw
3. **Hard work:** 2.25-3 kg/100kgbw
100
**Work** horse: Protein requirement
12-16%
101
**Work horse:** Fat requirement
8-10%
102
**Work horse:** Main minerals required
Ca/P/Mg → Bone
103
**Work horse:** Main vitamins required
E & C → Antioxidant role
104
**Work horse:** Main electrolytes required
1% NaCl in concentrates → Salt loss through sweat
105
**Hobby horse:** How much feed a day
10 kg feed/day
106
Racehorse: How much feed a day
≈20kg feed/day
\*of which **5kg should be Concentrates**
107
Calf BW at birth
40-50kg
108
Age & BW of calf at weaning
60-90 days
≈80-110kg
109
Age & BW of calf when they start to be fed as heifers (postrearing)
5-6 Months
200kg
110
Calf: How much feed is required/day from birth
1. **0 → 1 week:** 8-10L/day of colostrum
2. **10 days → 21 days:** 6 l/milk
3. **22 days → 56 days:** 8 l/milk
4. **57 days → 70 days:** 7 → 5l/milk *(2 x 1.5l/milk in the last week)*
5. **70 days → :** \>1.5kg dry feed
111
Calf: At what age should solid feed start to be given?
2 weeks
112
Calf: How much colostrum should be consumed:
1. Within the first 2 hours of life
2. Day 1 & 2
3. In the whole of week 1
1. **Within the first 2 hours of life:** 4 litres
2. **Day 1 & 2:** 8-10 litres/day
3. **In the whole of week 1:** 35 litres
113
The temperature that milk should be when given to calves
38-40ºC
114
Water requirement for calves at:
1. 1 month
2. 2 months
1. **1 month:** 8-10 litres/day
2. **2 months:** 10-15 litres/day
115
The calf should be weaned if it can eat...
1.5kg dry feed/day
116
Calf: From age 30 days → 90 days, give the trend of:
1. Concentrate intake
2. Roughage intake
1. **Concentrate intake:** ↑
2. **Roughage intake** ↑
117
From the point of rearing, what is the desired BW gain/day for heifers
800g BW/day
118
**Dairy calves:** Growth types from age 0 → 24 months
1. 0 → 3 months: Isometric growth
2. **3 months → 10 months: Allometric growth**
3. 10 months → 24 months: Isometric growth
119
Insemination of dairy cow:
1. Age
2. BW
1. **Age:** 13-15 months
2. **BW:** Min. 350kg
120
Heifer rearing of dairy cows:
1. Age
2. BW
3. BCS
1. **Age:** 24 months
2. **BW:** 520 kg
3. **BCS:** 3.5
121
Dairy cow: Age & BW during...
1. Insemination
2. 1st calving
1. **Insemination:** 13-15 months; min. 350kg
2. **1st calving:** 24 months; 520kg
122
_Physiologically intense_ feeding level dairy cow:
1. BW gain/day
2. Age of breeding
1. **BW gain/day:** 1-1.2 kg/day
2. **Age of breeding:** 12-13 months
123
Nutrient requirement for heifers:
1. NEm
2. NEg
3. CP
1. **NEm:** 23-24 MJ/kg
2. **NEg:** 26.8MJ/kg
3. **CP:** 10-11%
124
**Beef** heifer age & BW of:
1. Weaning
2. Mating
3. Calving
1. **Weaning:** 6-7 months; 240kg
2. **Mating:** 13-15 months; 350kg
3. **Calving:** 24 months; 470kg
125
Beef heifer: Period 3 & 4: Ideal BCS
6 (Nebraska system)
## Footnote
*or 2.5 in the dairy cow system*
126
DM consumed by a cow
2-3% of BW
127
NEl requirement for dairy cows
4.184 MJ/NEm
128
Daily BW gain for an Angus bull
1.5kg/day
129
End BW for an angus bull
\>650kg
130
Dairy cow: Length of phases of lactation
1. **Phase 1:** Day 0-70 (Early lactation)
2. **Phase 2:** Day 70-140 (Peak DM intake)
3. **Phase 3:** Day 140-305 (Mid-late lactation)
4. **Phase 4:** Day 305-350 (Dry period)
5. **Phase 5:** Day 350-365 (Transition period)
131
**Dairy cow:** Phase 1 of lactation cycle:
1. BW change
2. Forage:Conc ratio
3. CF requirement
4. CP requirement
5. NEl
6. MF (mixed forages)
1. **BW change:** ↓ 40kg
2. **Forage:Conc ratio:** 40:60
3. **CF requirement:** \>15-17%
4. **CP requirement:** 17-18%
5. **NEl:** 7MJ/kg DM
6. **MF (mixed forages):** 100g/kg DM
132
**Dairy cow:** Phase 2 of lactation cycle:
1. Forage:Conc ratio
2. CF
3. NEl
1. **Forage:Conc ratio:** 50:50
2. **CF:** 17-18%
3. **NEl:** 6.3 MJ/kg DM
133
**Dairy cow:** Phase 4 of lactation cycle: Daily feed
* **40 days before calving:** Ad lib hay + corn silage; Supplement Se & Vit. E
* **14-21 days before calving:** ↑ Concentrates to 5kg/day
134
Beef cow: Length of the periods of the life-cycle
1. **Period 1:** 80 Days
2. **Period 2:** 125 Days
3. **Period 3:** 110 Days
4. **Period 4:** 50 Days
135
Beef cow: Period 1 requirements for:
1. Protein
2. Energy
3. BCS
4. Milk production
1. **Protein:** Maintenance + 60%
2. **Energy:** Maintenance + 60-70%
3. **BCS:** 2.5 *(below optimum)*
4. **Milk production:** 6-10 l/day
136
Energy requirement of a beef cow during each period
1. **Period 1:** Maintenance + 60-70%
2. **Period 2:** Maintenance +40-50%
3. **Period 3:** Maintenance
4. **Period 4:** Maintenance + 40-50%
137
Give the nutrient requirement of sheep:
1. DM
2. NEm
3. Metabolisable protein (MP)
1. **DM:** 2.5-6 kg/100kgbw
2. **NEm:** 0.31MJ x BW0.75
3. **Metabolisable protein (MP):** 2.6 x BW0.75
138
Ewe gestation period length
136-155 days
139
Ewe duration of lactation
3-4 months
140
Ewe ovarian cycle length
16 days
141
Lamb BW at birth
2.5-6 kg
142
Lamb age of weaning
30-40 days
143
Lamb BW at weaning
12-15kg
144
Lamb age at insemination
3-4 months
145
Optimal BCS of ewes
3
146
Ewe milk composition:
1. DM
2. Fat
3. Protein
1. **DM:** 200g/kg
2. **Fat:** 80g
3. **Protein:** 60g
147
What month are ewes inseminated?
November
148
What month are ewes lambed?
April
149
What month are lambs weaned?
July
150
Fibre requirement for ewes
**CF:** \>18%
151
Sheep: Flushing:
* When?
* Change of diet
* Supplements
* **When?:** 2-3 weeks before mating
* **Change of diet:** 0.3-0.4 kg concentrate (Rye/oat)
* **Supplements:** P & Carotene
152
Give the ration for a growing ewe
Grazing + Low concentrate
153
Give the common ration for non-pregnant ewes:
* In summer
* In winter
* Post partum
* **Summer:** Pasture + 0.5kg hay/day
* **Winter:** 2-3kg haylage of grass + 1kg hay
* **Post partum:**
* Pasture +
* 0.5-1kg hay +
* 0.5kg concentrate
154
Breeding rams:
1. BCS target
2. Diet prior to mating
1. **BCS target:** 3
2. **Diet prior to mating:** 1-1.5kg concentrate (oat) *(2-3 weeks prior)*
155
Give the DMI of goats
1.5-5% BW
156
Goat: Length of gestation
153 days
157
BW of a kid at birth
6kg
158
Goat: Length of drying-off period
3.5 months
159
Standard BW of a goat
60kg
160
Weaning of kids occurs at...
60-90 days
161
Goat: Length of lactation
8.5 months
162
Milk production of a goat
5kg/day
163
Goat: When does lactation start
It can start up to 1 month before kidding
164
Nutrition of dairy goats:
* NEm
* NEl
* MP
* Fibre
* **NEm:** 10.2 MJ/day
* **NEl:** 17-19 MJ/day
* **MP:** 53g/day
* **Fibre:** \>18%\*
*Undefined according to the internet
165
**Goat:** Describe the DM in the last 2 months of drying off
↑ DM + 20-25% for foetal growth
166
How much concentrate to give a goat in the first 3 weeks of lactation
0.9kg/day
167
Feeding routine of kids:
1. Colostrum
2. Milk replacer
3. Hay, concentrate & milk replacer
1. **Colostrum:** Birth → 4 days
2. **Milk replacer:** 5 days → 10 days
3. **Hay, concentrate & milk replacer:** → Weaning
168
Dry food contains how much moisture?
≈10%
169
Wet food contains how much moisture?
≈80%
170
Give the energy requirement for dogs
ME (MJ/day) = 0.54 x BW0.75
171
Protein requirement for dogs:
* Adult
* Puppy
* **Adult:** 18%
* **Puppy:** 22%
172
Give the water requirement for dogs
44-66 ml//kgbw
173
Compare the diet of indoor & outdoor cat food:
* Energy
* Protein
* Fat
* Fibre
Outdoor cats require:
* More energy
* More protein
* More fat
* **Less fibre**
174
Give the protein requirement for cats
30-40%
175
Give the energy requirement for cats
**ME(MJ/kgbw) =** 0.336 x BW
176
Give the fat requirement by cats
9-10%
177
BW of broiler chicks at hatching
40g
178
BW of broilers at slaughter
2.7kg
179
Fattening period for broilers
5-6 weeks
## Footnote
*(38-40 days)*
180
**Broilers:** Trend of energy requirement from birth → slaughter
↑
The energy required for protein inbuilding, fat building & better feeding efficiency
181
**Broilers:** Trend of protein requirement from birth → slaughter
↓
Because protein inbuilding ↓ with age
182
Broilers: What age are:
1. Starters
2. Growers
3. Finishers
1. **Starters:** 0-10 days
2. **Growers:** 11-24 days
3. **Finishers:** 25-slaughter
183
Water requirement of broilers
2L/day
184
**Layers:** Give the age of:
1. Starters
2. Growers
3. Pre-layers
4. Layer 1
5. Layer 2
* **Starters:** 0 → 8 weeks
* **Growers:** 9 → 17 weeks
* **Pre-layers:** 18 → 20 weeks (They are housed here)
* **Layer 1:** 21 → 64 weeks
* **Layer 2:** 65 → 76 weeks
185
**Layers:** Trend of energy requirement from birth → 17 weeks
→
Isometric growth; focus of achievement of sexual development
186
**Layers:** Trend of protein requirement from birth → 17 weeks
↓
In order to delay sexual maturity → better production
187
When do layers reach peak egg production?
24-26 weeks
188
Layers: No. eggs produced per year
320-350 eggs/year
189
Give the weight of a hen egg
60g
190
Layers are given calcium supplement at age
21 weeks
191
Give the feed efficiency of layers
2-2.1 kg/kg eggs
192
Give the feed efficiency of broilers
1.6 kg/kg meat
193
Roasting duck: Length of fattening
6-7 weeks
194
Compare the tendency of light for:
* Pullet rearing
* Laying period
* **Pullet rearing:** ↓ light until 17 weeks
* **Laying period:** ↑ light from 17 weeks
195
Turkey hybrids: BW at birth
60g
196
**Turkey hybrids:** Age & BW of slaughter for:
* Hens
* Toms
* **Hens:** 15 weeks; 10.5 kg
* **Toms:** 20 weeks; 21.5kg
197
Turkey hybrids: Give the ages at each stage:
1. Starter 1
2. Starter 2
3. Grower 1
4. Grower 2
5. Fattener
* **Starter 1:** 0 → 4 weeks
* **Starter 2:** 5 → 8 weeks
* **Grower 1:**
* 9 → 12 weeks (Toms)
* 9 → 11 weeks (Hens)
* **Grower 2:**
* 13 → 16 weeks (Toms)
* 12 → 15 weeks (Hens)
* **Fattener:**
* 17 → 20 weeks (Toms only)
198
Give the trend of energy requirement for turkey hybrids with age
↑
199
Give the trend of protein requirement for turkey hybrids with age
↓
200
Turkey hybrids: Feed efficiency
2.5 kg/kg meat
201
Roasting ducks: Give the ages of:
* Starter
* Grower
* Finisher
* **Starter:** 0 → 14 days
* **Grower:** 15 → 42 days
* **Finisher:** 43 → 49 days
202
Give the feed efficiency of roasting ducks
2.7 kg/kg meat
203
Roasting ducks: Fat building occurs during which weeks?
4 & 5
204
**Roasting ducks:** Give the water & supplement consumption
**Water:** 3-5 l/kg DM
* Calcium & Phosphorus supplement (which decrease from age)
205
**Roasting geese:** BW at hatching
85-90g
206
**Roasting geese:** BW & age at slaughter
4-4.5kg; 8 weeks old
207
Feed efficiency of roasting geese
2.4 kg/kg meat
208
Water requirement of roasting geese
3-4 l/kg DM
209
Muscovy duck (liver):
* Start BW
* Duration of force feed
* Feeding frequency
* Liver weight
* **Start BW:** 4.5kg
* **Duration of force-feed:** 14 days
* **Feeding frequency:** 2 x day
* **Liver weight:** 450g
210
Geese (liver):
* Duration of force feed
* Feeding frequency
* Liver weight
* **Duration of force-feed:** 14-21 days
* **Feeding frequency:** 2, 3 then 4 x day
* **Liver weight**
* **14 days:** 600g
* **21 days:** 700-750g
211
When does force feeding start for:
* Muscovy
* Mulard
* Geese
* **Muscovy:** 12 Weeks
* **Mulard:** 9 Weeks
* **Geese:** 12-14 Weeks
212
Minimum liver weight: Target for:
* Ducks
* Geese
* **Ducks:** \>300g
* **Geese:** \>400g
213
(Liver) How much to feed per day for:
* Muscovy duck
* Moulard
* Geese (14 days)
* Geese (21 days)
* **Muscovy duck:** 6-7kg/duck
* **Moulard:** 8kg/duck
* **Geese (14 days):** 13kg/goose
* **Geese (21 days):** 22kg/goose
214
Rabbit: Requirements for:
* Energy
* Protein
* Fibre
* **Energy:** DE = 10-12 MJ/kg
* **Protein:** 12-18%
* **Fibre:** 12-15%
215
Rabbit DM intake during each phase:
1. Growing
2. Pregnant
3. Suckling
4. Suckling & Gestant
1. **Growing:** 50-150g/day
2. **Pregnant:** 100-200g/day
3. **Suckling:** 300g/day
4. **Suckling & Gestant:** 450g/day
216
How many times a day do rabbits eat?
30-40 times
217
Rabbit: BW at birth
60g
218
Rabbit: Solid feed introduced at what age?
3 weeks
219
Rabbit: Weaning at what age?
35 days
220
Rabbit: Slaughter at what age & BW?
12 weeks; 2.5kg
221
Rabbit: Requirement of lactating does:
* Energy
* CP
* CF
* **Energy:** 10-12 MJ/kg
* **CP:** 12-18%
* **CF:** 12-15%
## Footnote
*(Yes, apparently this is the same as maintenance requirement)*
222
Puppy BW at birth
120-550g
223
Rabbit: Gestation period
30 days
224
Orphaned baby rabbits:
* How many milk feeds/day
* Solid feed given from...
* **How many milk feeds/day:** 2-3/day
* **Solid feed given from...:** Day 12-14
225
Give the phases of breeding turkeys
1. **Starter:** 0 → 4 weeks
2. **Grower 1:** 4 → 8 weeks
3. **Grower 2:** 8 → 12 weeks
4. **Grower 3:** 12 → 16 weeks
5. **Rearer:** 16 → 29 weeks
## Footnote
*Laying will then follow*
226
Breeding turkey: Give the trend from birth of:
* CP%
* ME (MJ/kg)
* **CP%:** ↓
* **ME (MJ/kg):** →\*
*Until rearing when it increases due to more energy required for maintenance
227
Give the phases of laying turkeys
* **Layer 1:** 30 → 40 weeks\*
* **Layer 2:** 40 → 50-54 weeks
*Peak production at 34 weeks
228
Laying turkeys: Egg number & weight
* 100-120 eggs
* 80-90g each
229
Laying turkey requirements:
* CP%
* Energy (MJ/kg)
* Ca (g/kg)
**From layer I → layer II**
* **CP%:** 16.5 → 15
* **Energy (MJ/kg):** 11.8 → 12
* **Ca (g/kg):** 25 → 28
230
Give the phases of breeding ducks
* **Rearer: Week 0 → 28**
* **Fore-rearing:** 0 → 18 days
* **Post rearing:** 18 days → 28w
* **Layer:** 7 month laying period
231
Breeding duck: Diet from 0 → Laying
* **Week 0 → 7:** As roasting ducks: Starter, grower & finisher
* **Week 8 → 25:** Rearer diet: Pellets 150-180g/day
* **Week 26 → :** Ad lib pellets
232
Breeding duck: Nutrient requirements:
* CP%
* ME(MJ/kg)
* Ca(g/kg)
**From rearer → layer**
* **CP%:** 14.5 → 17
* **ME(MJ/kg):** 11 → 12
* **Ca(g/kg):** 8 → 29
233
Breeding ducks: Egg number & weight
* 130-150 eggs
* 75-80g each
234
Give the phases of breeding geese
* **Developer**
* Fore-rearing (0 → 4 weeks)
* Post-rearing (5 → 9 weeks)
* **Feeding until they are housed**
* **Housed geese:** 32 → 42 weeks
* **Layers:** 42 weeks → Begining of June
235
Length of goose egg production
4 months
236
Breeding geese: Egg number & weight
* 25-50 eggs
* ≈160g each
237
Breeding geese: Diets at different ages
* **Week 1:** Starter diet
* **Week 2 → 8:** Starter diet + Green forages
* **Week 9 → 31:** Developer diet/grains + Green forage
* **Week 32 → 38:** Pre-layer diet - Ad lib.
* **Week 39 → 42:** Layer diet - Ad lib.
238
Breeding geese: Plucking ages
* **1st plucking:** 10 Weeks
* **2nd plucking:** 16 Weeks
* **3rd plucking:** 23 Weeks
239
Breeding geese: Nutritional requirements:
* CP%
* ME (MJ/kg)
**From Developer → Layer**
* **CP%:** 14 → 16
* **ME (MJ/kg):** 11 → 11.5
240
Fattening pigs: Phases
* Grower (30-60kg)
* Finisher (60-120kg)
241
Fattening pigs: Feed given at:
* Piglet diet
* Finisher diet
* **Grower diet:** 1kg/day
* **Finisher diet:** 3kg/day
242
What age is a sow inseminated?
200-220 days
243
How much is a sow fed at the time of insemination?
1.5-2kg/day
244
Normal amount of concentrate to feed horse
0.5% BW
## Footnote
*Oat grain, corn. barley, wheat*
245
What happens in each period for dairy **heifers**?
Period:
1. Development → Weaning
2. Weaning → Mating
3. Mating → Calving
4. Suckling
246
NEl requirement of dairy cows through the phases
Phase:
1. **7** MJ/kg milk
2. **6.3** MJ/kg milk
3. **5.9** MJ/kg milk
4. DRY
5. DRY
247
**Dairy cow:** During phase 4 (dry period) of the lactation cycle, we need to ensure...
* Calcium levels are \> 6.1 g/100kgbw
* Phosphorus levels are \> 4.2 g/100kgbw
248
Dairy cow: Phase 4 of lactation cycle (dry period): Ideal Cation Anion Balance (CAB)
CAB = -50 → -150
Acidic chlorides reduce parturient pariesis (NH4Cl)
249
CP requirement of dairy cow from phase 1 to phase 5 trend
Decrease
17-18% → 14-16%
250
When to feed lactating goats concentrate
* 6 weeks before kidding (0.15kg/day)
* Increase up until kidding (0.4kg/day)
* 3 weeks of lactation (0.9kg/day)
* High level production = 1.35kg/day
251
What age and BW are **beef** cattle weaned?
* 6-7 months
* 240kg
## Footnote
*Remember this is later than dairy cattle!*
252
Broiler chick fattening methods and timing
* **Semi intensive method** (2 phases)
* **Fore rearing:** 0 → 18 days *(same as ducks)*
* **Post rearing:** 19 days → Slaughter
* **Intensive method:** In closed buildings
* **3rd method:** Intensive until week **8** → Semi-intensive (pasture)
253
Life stages of: Fattening geese
* **Starter:** 0 → 21 days
* **Grower:** 22 → 35 days
* **Finisher:** 36 →56 days
254
**(Liver) Geese:** Periods leading upto force feeding
* **Starter period:** 6 Weeks
* **Grower period:** 5 Weeks
* **Preparation for force feeding:** 5-10 days
255
**Rabbit:** Feed efficiency
* **High grain diet:** 2-2.3 kg/kg
* **High forage diet:** 3-3.8 kg/kg
256
Optimal milk urea level
3.5-6 mmol/l
257
Normal ketone body levels in the blood
* **BHB:** \<1 mmol/l
* **Acetoacetate:** \<0.4 mmol/l
* **Acetoacetone:** \<0.7 mmol/l
258
Orphaned kitten: How to feed
* 16 ml/100gbw
* 6-8x/day
* Room temp
259
Orphaned kitten: How to feed
* 25 ml/100gbw
* 6-8x/day
