Improving the accuracy of eyewitness testimony: Cognitive interview

Question 1

Fisher & Geiselman argued that…

Answer 1

EWT could be improved if police used better techniques when interviewing witnesses

Question 2

Fisher & Geiselman recommended that the police used technique based on what when interviewing eye witnesses?

Answer 2

Psychological insights into how memory works

Question 3

What did Fisher & Geiselman call the techniques based on psychological insights into how memory works collectively?

Answer 3

Cognitive interview

Question 4

Cognitive interview indicates its foundation in what?

Answer 4

Cognitive psychology

Question 5

What is the first stage of cognitive interview?

Answer 5

Report everything

Question 6

What is the second stage of cognitive interview?

Answer 6

Reinstate the context

Question 7

What is the third stage of cognitive interview?

Answer 7

Reverse the order

Question 8

What is the fourth stage of cognitive interview?

Answer 8

Change perspective

Question 9

Cognitive interview: What are witnesses encouraged to do in report everything?

Answer 9

Include every single detail of the event

Question 10

When asked to ‘report everything’ in cognitive interview, why witnesses are encouraged to include every single detail of the event even if…

Answer 10

it may seem relevant . the witness doesn’t feel confident about it

Question 11

In cognitive interview, why are witnesses asked to ‘report everything’?

Answer 11

Seemingly trivial details may be important

Question 12

In regards to EWT, why may a seemingly trivial detail be important?

Answer 12

May trigger other important memories

Question 13

What is meant by ‘reinstate the context’ in cognitive interview?

Answer 13

The witness should return to the original crime scene ‘in their mind’

Question 14

What should people do when being asked to ‘reinstate the context’ and return to the original crime scene ‘in their mind’ in cognitive interview?

Answer 14

Imagine the environment and their emotions

Question 15

Imaging the environment and their emotions is an example of what in cognitive interview?

Answer 15

Reinstate the context

Question 16

Which type of forgetting is ‘reinstate the context’ related to in cognitive interview?

Answer 16

Context-dependent forgetting

Question 17

What is meant by ‘reverse the order’ in cognitive interview?

Answer 17

Events should be recalled in a different order from the original sequence

Question 18

Recalling events from the final point back to the beginning is an example of what in cognitive interview?

Answer 18

Reverse the order

Question 19

Recalling interviews from the middle to the begging is an example of what in cognitive interview?

Answer 19

Reverse the order

Question 20

Why are people asked to ‘reverse the order’ in cognitive interview?

Answer 20

To prevent people reporting their expectations of how the event must have happened rather than the actual events

Question 21

Which technique in cognitive interview is used to prevent people from reporting their expectations of how the event must have happened instead of the actual event?

Answer 21

‘Reverse the order’

Question 22

Which technique in cognitive interview is used to prevent dishonesty

Answer 22

‘Reverse the order’

Question 23

How does ‘reverse the order’ prevent dishonesty in cognitive interview?

Answer 23

it’s harder for people to produce an untruthful account if they have to reverse it

Question 24

What is meant by ‘change perspective’ in cognitive interview?

Answer 24

Witnesses should recall the incident from other people’s perspectives

Question 25

Recalling the incident by thinking about how it would have appeared to other witnesses is an example of which technique in cognitive interview?

Answer 25

Change perspective

Question 26

Why are witnesses asked to recall the incident from other people's perspectives in cognitive interview?

Answer 26

To disrupt the effect of expectations and also effect the effect of schema and recall

Question 27

Which cognitive interview technique is done to disrupt the effect of expectatoins?

Answer 27

Change perspective

Question 28

Which cognitive interview technique is done to disrupt the effect of schema and recall?

Answer 28

Change perspective

Question 29

How does 'change perspective' disrupt the effect of schema in cognitive interview?

Answer 29

The schema you have for a particular setting generates expectations of what would have happened - it is the schema that is recalled rather than what actually happened

Question 30

The schema you have for a particular setting generate ____________ of what would have happened (eye witness testimony)

Answer 30

expectations

Question 31

Why do your schema for a particular setting generate expectations of what would have happened in cases of eyewitness testimony?

Answer 31

It is the schema that recalled rather than what actually happened

Question 32

Who developed some additional elements of the CI?

Answer 32

Fisher et al.

Question 33

Why did Fisher et al. develop some additional elements of the CI?

Answer 33

To focus on the social dynamics and interaction

Question 34

The interviewer needing to know when to establish eye contact and when to relinquish it is an example of what developed by Fisher et al?

Answer 34

Additional elements of cognitive interview

Question 35

Give 2 examples of additional elements/ideas suggested by Fisher et al. for cognitive interview

Answer 35

Any 2 from reducing eyewitness anxiety, minimising distractions, getting a witness to speak slowly and asking open-ended questions

Question 36

What did Köhnken perform regarding cognitive interview?

Answer 36

A meta-analysis

Question 37

Köhnken's meta-analysis of evidence about cognitive interview combined data from how many studies?

Answer 37

55

Question 38

Köhnken's meta-analysis compared what?

Answer 38

The CI and ECI with standard police interview

Question 39

In Köhnken's meta-analysis of studies on cognitive interview, only _ studies in the analysis showed what?

Answer 39

4, no difference between the types of interview

Question 40

In Köhnken's meta-analysis of studies on cognitive interview, CI gave an average __%increase in accurate information compared with standard interview

Answer 40

41

Question 41

The fact that Köhnken's meta-analysis of studies on cognitive interview found that CI gave a 41% increase in accurate information compared with standard interview shows that CI is an effective technique in...

Answer 41

helping witnesses to recall information that is available but not immediately accessible in memory

Question 42

Köhnken found that CI is an effective technique in helping witnesses to recall information that is _________ but not immediately __________ in memory

Answer 42

available, accessible

Question 43

Köhnken found an increase in the amount of what recalled by participants?

Answer 43

Inaccurate information

Question 44

Köhnken found an increase in the amount of inaccurate information recalled by participants, particularly with ECI/CI

Answer 44

ECI

Question 45

Köhnken's finding that there was an increase in the amount of inaccurate information recalled by participants suggests that cognitive interviews may sacrifice...

Answer 45

quality of EWT in favour of quantity

Question 46

Köhnken's findings suggest that cognitive interviews may sacrifice quality of EWT in favour of quantity, or in other words...

Answer 46

the accuracy for amount of details

Question 47

Köhnken's findings about the increase in the amount of inaccurate information recalled by witnesses being interviewed using CI suggest that police officers should...

Answer 47

treat eyewitness evidence from CIs/ECIs with caution

Question 48

Milne & Bull said that...

Answer 48

not all elements of cognitive interview are equally effective or useful

Question 49

Milne & Bull found that each of the four techniques in cognitive interview used alone produce...

Answer 49

more information than the standard police interview

Question 50

Milne & Bull found that using a combination of which techniques in cognitive interview produced a better recall than any other element combinations?

Answer 50

Report everything and reinstate the context

Question 51

Milne & Bull's findings confirmed police officers' suspicions that...

Answer 51

some aspects of the CI are more useful than others

Question 52

Milne & Bull's findings cast some doubt about the overall credibility of what?

Answer 52

The overall cognitive interview

Question 53

Why may police officers be reluctant to use CI?

Answer 53

It takes more time and training than the standard police interview

Question 54

With cognitive interview, more time is needed to establish rapport with a witness and allow them to...

Answer 54

relax

Question 55

Cognitive interview requires what that many forces do not have the resources to provide more than a few hours of?

Answer 55

Special training

Question 56

The fact that cognitive interview takes more time and training than the standard police interview suggests that complete existence of CI is not a...

Answer 56

realistic method for police officers to use

Question 57

The fact that cognitive interview takes more time and training than the standard police interview suggests that complete existence of CI is not a realistic method for police officers to use, and it might be better to...

Answer 57

focus on a few key elements