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Chapter 9 Anatomy > In Class Notes > Flashcards

In Class Notes Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition of Isometric Contraction?

A

No change in muscle length during contraction

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2
Q

Holiding a plank position or carrying a box without moving is an example of what?

A

Isometric Contraction

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3
Q

what is the definition of Isotonic contraction?

A

Muscles changes in length during contraction

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4
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contraction?

A

Concentric and eccentric contraction

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5
Q

Define defined what a concentric contraction is

A

It is when the muscle shorten while contracting

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6
Q

Lifting a dumbbell during a bicep curl is an example of what type of isotonic contraction?

A

Concentric contraction

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7
Q

Define what a eccentric contraction does

A

The muscle lengthens while contracting

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8
Q

Lowering a dumbbell during a bicep curl is an example of what isotonic contraction?

A

Eccentric contraction

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9
Q

What are the two connective tissues in muscles?

A

Superficial fascia and deep fascia

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10
Q

Where is the superficial fascia found in regarding the connective tissue?

A

Found just below the skin

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11
Q

What is the function of the superficial fascia?

A

Separates muscles from the skin, stores fat, and provides insulation

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12
Q

Where is the deep fascia found in regarding the connective tissue?

A

It surrounds individual muscles or groups of muscles

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13
Q

What is the function of the deep fascia?

A

It supports protects and provides roots for nerves and blood vessels

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14
Q

How many connective tissue layers are there?

A

Three

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15
Q

What is the function of the epimysium?

A

It covers the entire skeletal muscle

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16
Q

What is the epimysium made out of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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17
Q

What is the function of the perimysium?

A

It’s surround fascicles

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18
Q

What are fascicles?

A

Bundles of muscle fibers

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19
Q

What does the perimysium contain?

A

Contains blood vessels and nerves

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20
Q

What is the endomysium function?

A

Surrounds each individual muscle fiber

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21
Q

What does the endomysium contain?

A

Capillaries and satellite cells

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22
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Muscle repair

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23
Q

Describe what a tendon is

A

It is a cord like structure that connects muscle to bone

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24
Q

Describe what a aponeurosis is

A

It is a flat sheet like tendon connecting muscles to other muscles or bones

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25
What is the sarcolemma?
It is the plasma membrane of a cell
26
What is the function of a sarcolemma?
Transmitting action potentials
27
What is the sarcoplasm?
It is the cytoplasm of muscle fibers
28
What does the Sarcoplasm contain
It contains glycogen and myoglobin
29
What does glycogen do?
It stores energy
30
What does myoglobin do?
Stores oxygen
31
Describe what a myofibril is
It is a cylindrical structure within my muscle fibers
32
What is the function of a myofibril?
It performs contractions
33
What is a myofibril composed of?
Repeating sarcomeres
34
Describe the sarcoplasmic reticulum
It is specialized, smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells
35
What is the function of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?
Stores and releases calcium critical for contraction
36
Describe what a T tubule is
They are transverse tubules that conduct action potential deep into a muscle fiber
37
What is the function of a T tubule
To ensure uniform contraction across the fiber
38
Describe what a terminal cisternae is
It is enlarged areas of the SR
39
Where is the terminal cisternae found in?
Adjacent to the T tubules
40
What is the function of the terminal cisternae?
Stores calcium ions for rapid release
41
How does the terminal cisternae form a triad?
They connect with T-Tubules
42
What is the definition of a sarcomere?
The basic functional unit of muscle contraction
43
How is a sarcomere marked?
By Z discs
44
What are the two types Of Myofilaments
Thick filaments and Thin filaments
45
what does thin filaments contain?
Actin Troponin tropomyosin
46
What is the function of actin?
it is the primary protein that forms the backbone of thin filaments
47
what is the function of tropomyosin?
it is a regulatory protein that blocks myosin-binding sites on actin
48
what is the function of the troponin?
binds calcium, by moving tropomyosin to allow contraction
49
what does thick filaments contain?
Myosin
50
describe what myosin is?
it is a motor protein with heads that form cross bridges by attaching to actin
51
what is the synaptic cleft?
it is a gap between the motor neuron and muscle fiber
52
what is acetylcholine?
it is a neurotransmitter released from motor neurons to initiate muscle contractions
53
what is an motor end plate?
it is part of the sarcolemma that contains ACh receptors
54
what is acetylcholinesterase?
it is an enzyme that breaks down Ach, stopping contraction signals
55
What does Black widow venom cause?
it causes excessive Ach release leading to muscle spasms
56
what does tetanus cause?
causes sustained contraction ex "lock Jaw"
57
what does Botulism/Botox cause?
It blocks Ach release, causes paralysis
58
what is myasthenia Gravis?
it is an autoimmune disease
59
what does Myasthenia Gravis do?
The Ach receptors receptors are attacked
60
what is Curare?
A plant toxin that blocks Ach receptors
61
what does Curare do?
Prevents muscle contraction
62
What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
It is a genetic condition that weakens muscle due to faulty dystrophin protein
63
name the 3 phases of a muscle twitch in order?
Latent phase contraction phase recovery phase
64
describe what the latent phase do?
It is a delay between the stimulation and the start of contraction
65
describe what the contraction phase do?
Muscle tension rises as cross bridges form
66
describe what the recovery phase do?
Calcium is reabsorbed, and muscle relaxes
67
describe what temporal summation is?
It is repeated stimuli that increases muscle contraction strength
68
describe what unfused tetanus is
it is incomplete relaxation between stimuli
69
Shivering is an example of what?
Unfused tetnus
70
Describe what fused tetnus is?
Sustained contraction without relaxation
71
Holding a heavy object is an example of what?
Fused tetnus
72
What is the definition of recruitment?
Activating different muscle fibers to vary force output
73
What are small fibers used for?
Light, percise actions
74
A small pat uses what?
Small fibers
75
What are large fibers used for?
Used for strong actions
76
A hard slap uses what?
Large fibers
77
ATP sources Creatine phosphate what does that do?
It is quick energy for short bursts. It yields 2 ATP
78
ATP sources Areobic respiration what does that do?
Produces 36 ATP with oxygen; supports endurance
79
ATP sources Anerobic Respiration what does that do?
Produces ATP without oxygen; lactic acid builds up leading to fatigue
80
What color are fast fibers?
White
81
What are the characteristics of fast fibers?
Contract quickly Fatigue rapidly Use anaerobic metabolism
82
Sprinting and weightlifting use what type of fibers?
Fast fibers
83
What color are slow fibers?
Dark
84
What are the characteristics of slow fibers?
Contract slower But sustain longer Use aerobic respiration
85
Distance running and posture maintenance use what type of fibers?
Slow fibers
86
What is disuse atrophy?
Loss of a muscle mass due to inactivity
87
What is degeneration atrophy?
Loss of muscle mass due to nerve damage
88
What is hypertrophy?
It is increase on muscle size due to training or resistance exercise

Chapter 9 Anatomy (6 decks)

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