INCA - 1857 - 1890

Question 1

How did the British attitude towards the indigenous become after the mutiny?

Answer 1

They became generally more distant and superior to the indigenous, without realising that that attitude is what caused the mutiny

Question 2

What were two reasons that the British became more distant and superior to the indigenous after the mutiny?

Answer 2

-The British had been horrified by the atrocities 1857
-It was felt positive, close working relationships were dangerous. Promote familiarity and encourage rebellion

Question 3

On the whole British attitudes after the mutiny involved…

Answer 3

general distancing

Question 4

What law was passed in 1873, which demonstrated the change in attitude towards indigenous?

Answer 4

A law which prevented any white European being tried by an Indian Judge, even after the 1883 Ilbert Bill (reform) Europeans must have a half white jury

Question 5

Why was reforming the Military after the mutiny a key priority?

Answer 5

Because the Indian Army was a key part of the empire’s military forces

Question 6

What report changed military attitudes?

Answer 6

The peel report 1859

Question 7

What were some of the many reforms introduced to the military by the peel report?

Answer 7

-Bengali divisions broken up and reorganised
-Proportion limit of Indian to White (2:1 Bengal, 3:1 Madras and Bombay)
-Minimum number of 80,000 white british soldiers in India
-Whole army transferred from EIC to being part of British army
-Indian units not allowed to operate artillery
-Promotion for talent introduced
-commanding officers given more authority
-local national and religious dress to be combined with western military dress

Question 8

Why was education seen as a key area for development after the mutiny?

Answer 8

Western-educated Indians would be more likely to “understand the benefits” of British rule, and could help British run India to arouse less opposition

Question 9

When and where were the first universities opened?

Answer 9

1857: Bombay, Calcutta and Madras

Question 10

When did the first western-trained Indian doctors graduate?

Answer 10

1858

Question 11

By 1882 how many pupils were in english-speaking secondary schools across India?

Answer 11

150,000 pupils

Question 12

What was the law and processes in Indian courts based off of?

Answer 12

They were largely derived from English civil and criminal law

Question 13

What actions were taken to be more respectful of religion towards the indigenous?

Answer 13

-Christian missionaries discouraged, more caution in approaching religious views
-Local rulers had more say over social and religious matters
-religious dress combined with military dress

Question 14

Which act transferred authority in India to the British Crown?

Answer 14

GOIA (Government Of India Act) 1858

Question 15

What new position was introduced in India?

Answer 15

The Viceroy, being the highest official in India and directly accountable to the crown

Question 16

What was established in London for India

Answer 16

A secretary of state for India, advised by a council of India

Question 17

What did the Viceroys executive council become?

Answer 17

A five-member cabinet in the Indian Councils Act 1861, with five ministries (expanded to six 1874)

Question 18

Who appointed members of the Viceroy executive council?

Answer 18

The government

Question 19

Where did the central government sit?

Answer 19

In Calcutta, but the other two presidencies (Bombay and Madras) had their own local governments, subordinate to the Viceroy

Question 20

What type of trade was India soon opened up to?

Answer 20

Western trade and investment

Question 21

In which areas was modernisation seen in mechanisation?

Answer 21

-Communication (telegraph)
-Transport (Roads, canals, railways)

Question 22

How many miles of train track were laid by 1880?

Answer 22

15,000

Question 23

How did the number of western-owned tea plantations expand from 1851-1871?

Answer 23

There was 1 plantation in 1851 which increased to 295 in 1871

Question 24

By 1877 which style of farming was popular amongst Indians?

Answer 24

Subsistence farming

Question 25

Who was the first Viceroy of India in 1858-1862

Answer 25

Earl Canning

Question 26

What is the caste system?

Answer 26

Hindus are divided into castes at birth, there is a hierarchy and the lowest rank - untouchables, traditionally suffer discrimination, whilst Brahmain are priestly.

Question 27

How did the British affect the caste system?

Answer 27

Historians believe they intensified the caste system which institutionalised the treatment of different castes

Question 28

What was Indian nationalism strongly influenced by?

Answer 28

The way in which nationalism was perceived by Europeans.

Question 29

Where was the major religious divisions?

Answer 29

Between religious groups. Hindus were around 70% of the population, whilst Muslims around 21% and the remaining 9% were Sikhs, Christians and Jews.

Question 30

Each Indian province had…

Answer 30

a distinct history, an ancient ruling dynasty and local customs

Question 31

What was the beginning of Indian Nationalism?

Answer 31

The establishment of the Indian Assocation in 1876, who demanded greater equality of Indians employed in the Indian Civil Service

Question 32

How did the British perceive the Indian Association of 1876?

Answer 32

As so harmless, that they set up the Indian National Congress in 1885. (A powerless talking shop)

Question 33

Who were the best known early leaders of the INC?

Answer 33

Gokhale and Tilak

Question 34

What did Gokhale admire?

Answer 34

The British Liberal Movement. Recognising benefits that the Raj had brought to Indian and tending to be constructive in criticisms. (His party was the moderates)

Question 35

What was Tilaks ideal?

Answer 35

He was a devout Hindu. He admired the national heritage of India and stressed how much of that heritage had been destroyed by Imperialism. He favoured open and violent confrontation (His party was the extremists)