INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE

Question 1

WHAT ARE THE 3 MAJOR INTRACRANIAL COMPONENTS?

Answer 1

• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• Brain tissue
• Intravascular blood

Question 2

is a clear fluid
circulating in the intracranial and spinal
compartments

Answer 2

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 3

The brain produces about ____ ml of CSF per
day,

Answer 3

500 ML

Question 4

CSF is secreted by ______ in each ventricle.

Answer 4

CHOROID PLEXUS

Question 5

3 purposes of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 5

• BUOYANCY
• PROTECTION
• CHEMICAL STABILITY

Question 6

allows the brain to attain considerable size
without being impaired by its own weight.

Answer 6

BUOYANCY

Question 7

CSF completely surrounds the brain, this organ floats in the
fluid. CSF protects the brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted

Answer 7

PROTECTION

Question 8

– CSF is secreted into each ventricle of the brain and is
ultimately absorbed into the blood stream. It provides a means of rinsing
metabolic wastes from the CNS and homeostically regulating its chemical
environment

Answer 8

CHEMICAL STABILITY

Question 9

brain tissue has three distinct parts:

Answer 9

the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brainstem.

Question 10

. An increased in intracranial bulk
due to an increase in any of the
major intracranial components: 3 KABILOG

Answer 10

BRAIN TISSUE, CSF, BLOOD

Question 11

ANO TAWAG SA Untreated increased ICP can lead to
displacement of brain tissue

Answer 11

HERNIATION

Question 12

INFANTS OR CHILDREN:
▪ Tense, bulging fontanel; lack of
normal pulsations -
▪ Separated cranial
sutures
▪ Macewen sign
(cracked-pot sound
on percussion)
▪ Irritability
▪ High-pitched cry
▪ Increased occipitofrontal
circumference
▪ Distended scalp veins
▪ Changes in feeding
▪ Cries when held or rocked
▪ Setting-sun sign

Answer 12

INFANTS

Question 13

INFANTS OR CHILDREN

▪ Headache
▪ Nausea
▪ Vomiting – often without nausea – projectile
▪ Diplopia, blurred vision
▪ Seizures

Answer 13

CHILDREN

Question 14

ANO TAWAG SA abnormal
respiratory pattern. Rhythmic waxing and
waning of both rate and depth of respiration
with brief periods of interspersed apnea

Answer 14

CHEYNE STOKES RESPIRATIONS

Question 15

ANO TAWAG SA - (edema of the optic disc)

Answer 15

PAPILLEDEMA

Question 16

ANO TAWAG SA MAY MOTOR ABNORMALITIES

Answer 16

Decerebrate or decorticate
posturing

Question 17

ANO NGA Diagnostic/Laboratory Test ANG GINAHIMO IF MAY INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE AND ISA KA TAWO? 7 KABILOG

Answer 17

1. Cerebral angiography
2. Computed tomography (CT)
   scanning
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain
4. Positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the brain
5. Transcranial Doppler studies
6. Skull and spine x-rays
7. Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 18

ANO KLASE NGA DIAGNOSTIC/LABORATORY TEST INI:

is done
to visualize the cerebral
circulation (carotid and
vertebral arteries). A catheter (long, thin, flexible tube) is inserted into an artery in the
arm or leg. Using the
catheter, a technician injects a special dye into the blood vessels that lead to the brain. It is a way to produce x-ray pictures of the insides of blood vessels.

Answer 18

CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY

Question 19

ANO KLASE NGA DIAGNOSTIC/LABORATORY TEST INI:

relatively accurate
and is the quickest, easiest, and least expensive method of diagnosing neurologic
problems

Answer 19

COMPUTERED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) SCANNING

Question 20

ANO KLASE NGA DIAGNOSTIC/LABORATORY TEST INI:

• Produces images considered
  superior to the CT scan. It does not use ionizing radiation but instead relies on magnetic fields.
• Injection of the gadolinium-based
  contrast agent is
  performed through a small an intravenous catheter that is placed in a hand vein or an arm
  vein of the patient.

Answer 20

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) OF THE BRAIN

Question 21

ANO KLASE NGA DIAGNOSTIC/LABORATORY TEST INI:

Provides information about the function of the brain, especially glucose and oxygen
metabolism and cerebral blood flow

• The physician injects the client with a molecule deoxyglucose, which is tagged as an isotope.
• The isotope emits
  activity in the form of
  positrons, which are
  scanned and converted
  into a color image by a
  computer. The more
  active a given part of the
  brain, the greater the
  glucose uptake.
• Procedure: 2 to 3 hours

Answer 21

Positron emission
tomography
(PET) scan

Question 22

ANO KLASE NGA DIAGNOSTIC/LABORATORY TEST INI:

is a noninvasive and
painless ultrasound technique that
uses sound waves to evaluate
blood flow (blood circulation) in
and around the brain

• Valuation in evaluating cerebral
  vasospasm.

Answer 22

TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER STUDIES

Question 23

ANO GINAGAMIT IN EVALUATING CEREBRAL VASOSPASM?

Answer 23

VALUATION

Question 24

ANO KLASE NGA DIAGNOSTIC/LABORATORY TEST INI:

• Plain x-rays of the skull
  and spine used to
  determine bony
  fractures, curvatures,
  bone erosion, bone
  dislocation, and possible
  calcification of soft
  tissue, which can damage the nervous system.

Answer 24

SKULL AND SPINE X-RAYS

Question 25

ANO KLASE NGA DIAGNOSTIC/LABORATORY TEST INI: Records the electrical activity of the cerebral hemispheres. * This test is performed to: a. Determine general activity of the cerebral hemispheres b. Determine the origin of seizures activity c. Determine cerebral function in pathologic conditions such as tumors, abscesses, etc.

Answer 25

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG)

Question 26

WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF MONITORING DEVICES?

Answer 26

1. Intraventricular catheter 2. Subarachnoid screw (bolt) 3. Epidural sensor

Question 27

inserted in lateral ventricle to give direct measurement of ICP; also allows for drainage of CSF if needed. is the most accurate monitoring method. a hole is drilled through the skull. The catheter is inserted through the brain into the lateral ventricle. This area of the brain contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Or the catheter is inserted through the anterior fontanelle.

Answer 27

1. Intraventricular catheter

Question 28

is a hollow screw that is inserted through the hole drilled in the skull and through a hole cut in the dura mater into the sub arachnoid space. is a small and unobtrusive device, allowing for a good waveform resolution of ICP. This allows the sensor to record from inside the subdural space

Answer 28

2. Subarachnoid screw (bolt)

Question 29

least invasive method; placed in space between skull and dura mater for indirect measurement of ICP

Answer 29

EPIDURAL SENSOR