Individualistic theories

Question 1

Who discovered psychoanalysis

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud

Question 2

What year was Sigmund Freud

Answer 2

1856-1939

Question 3

What did Freud claim

Answer 3

early childhood experiences determines our personality and future behaviour.

Question 4

What was Freud’s view

Answer 4

‘the child is father to the man’

Question 5

What are the three elements of Sigmund Freud’s theory

Answer 5

The ego, superego and the id

Question 6

Where is the ID located

Answer 6

the unconscious, instinctive, ‘animal’ part of the mind.

Question 7

What does the ID contain

Answer 7

Powerful, selfish, pleasure-seeking needs and drives, such as the desire for sex, food and sleep.

Question 8

What is the ID governed by

Answer 8

‘the pleasure principle’ - the blind desire to satisfy its urges at any cost

Question 9

what would happen if we acted upon these urges?

Answer 9

they would often lead to anti-social and criminal behaviour

Question 10

What does the superego contain

Answer 10

our conscience or moral rules, which we learn through interactions with our parents during early socialisation in the family.

Question 11

Freud saw our behaviour as the result of what

Answer 11

the struggle between the ID and the superego

Question 12

What does ego literally mean

Answer 12

ego : ‘I’

I am pulled in opposing directions, between my desire (ID) and my conscience (superego).

Question 13

What is the role of the ego

Answer 13

to try to strike a balance between their conflicting demands

Question 14

What is the ego driven by

Answer 14

‘the reality principle’ it learns from experience that in the real world, our actions have consequences

Question 15

What does the Ego seek to do

Answer 15

The ego seeks to control the ID’s urges while still finding ways to satisfy them.

Question 16

What happens if you have a weakly developed superego

Answer 16

the individual will feel less guilt about anti-social actions and less inhibition about acting on the ID’s selfish or aggressive urges.

Question 17

What happens when there is a too harsh and unforgiving superego

Answer 17

Creates deep-seated guilt feelings in the individual, who then craves punishment as a release from these feelings. the person may reoffend in order to be punished

Question 18

What happens if there is a deviant superego

Answer 18

the child is successfully socialised, but into a deviant moral code. The child may have a good relationship with his criminal parent, so they internalises their parent criminal values.

Question 19

What does Bowlby argue

Answer 19

There is a link between maternal deprivation and deviant or anti-social behaviour

Question 20

What is Bowlby’s view

Answer 20

A child needs a close, continuous relationship with its primary carer (which Bowlby assumed was the mother) from birth to the age of 5 in order to develop normally

Question 21

What happens if the mother-child attachment is broken through separation in Bowlby’s theory

Answer 21

Even for a short-period it can leave the child unable to form meaningful emotional relationships with others.

Question 22

What does Bowlby describe when a mother leaves her child as

Answer 22

Affectionless Psychopathy

Question 23

Who did Bowlby study

Answer 23

44 juveniles thieves who had been referred to a child guidance clinic.

Question 24

What did Bowlby discover

Answer 24

39% of them had suffered maternal deprivation before the age of 5, compared with only 5% of a control group of non-delinquents

Question 25

What three features does learning theories of crime generally emphasis?

Answer 25

- Criminal behaviour is learned behaviour - The influence of our immediate social environment, such as the family and peer groups - The key role of reinforcement and punishment in the learning process

Question 26

What did Sutherland argue

Answer 26

An individual learns criminal behaviour largely in the family and peer groups (including work groups)

Question 27

What two factors does Sutherland use to prove his argument

Answer 27

Imitation and Learned Attitudes

Question 28

What is meant by imitation of criminal acts

Answer 28

Individuals can acquire criminal skills and techniques through observing those around them

Question 29

What is meant by learned attitudes

Answer 29

Socialisation within the group exposes the individual to attitudes and values about the law

Question 30

What did Sutherland discover when studying white collar crime

Answer 30

group attitudes in the workplace often normalised criminal behaviour.

Question 31

Who created the theory of operant learning theory

Answer 31

Psychologist B.F. Skinner

Question 32

What is the basic idea of the operant learning theory

Answer 32

particular behaviour results in a reward, it is likely to be repeated.

Question 33

What is meant by behaviourism

Answer 33

The cause of someone's behaviour lies in the reinforcements and punishments that shape it.

Question 34

What is meant by differential reinforcements theory.

Answer 34

all behaviour is the result of reinforcements and punishments

Question 35

What does B.F. Skinner argue

Answer 35

criminal behaviour is learned through the reinforcements of particular behaviours

Question 36

What psychologists argues social learning theory

Answer 36

Albert Bandura

Question 37

What does Albert Bandura argue

Answer 37

we learn much of our behaviour - including our aggressive behaviour - by imitating other people

Question 38

What did Bandura et al demonstrate

Answer 38

demonstrates this in a series of 4-5 years old. they divided the children into three groups.

Question 39

What were all children groups shown

Answer 39

a film of an adult model being verbally and physically aggressive towards an inflatable bobo doll.

Question 40

How many groups did the social learning theory look at

Answer 40

3 groups

Question 41

What did group 1 get shown

Answer 41

a version of the film where the model was rewarded with praise

Question 42

What did group 2 get shown

Answer 42

version in which the model was sanctioned

Question 43

What did group 3 get shown

Answer 43

Control group, version in which they saw, the behaviour was neither rewarded nor punished

Question 44

What did group 1 imitate

Answer 44

the aggressive behaviours they had seen being awarded

Question 45

What did group 2 imitate

Answer 45

the least likely to imitate the aggressive behaviour

Question 46

What did group 3 imitate

Answer 46

observed the model's actions which was the model being punished

Question 47

What did the groups learn from the films

Answer 47

No matter what version of the film they viewed, they all learned by observing someone else's experiences

Question 48

How can the groups viewing films analogy be applied to criminal behaviour

Answer 48

If an individual observes a peer getting rewarded for their criminality, the theory predicts that the behaviour is more likely to be imitated.

Question 49

What does the term 'cognition' refers to

Answer 49

thinking and mental processes such as attitudes, beliefs, reasoning, problem-solving, decision-making, our self-concept and how we interpret the world around us.

Question 50

What does cognitive theories argue

Answer 50

that these mental process shape our behaviour

Question 51

What did Psychologists Yochelson and Samenow apply the cognitive theory to

Answer 51

Criminality

Question 52

What is Psychologists Yochelson and Samenow key ideas

Answer 52

criminals are prone to faulty thinking and this makes them more likely to commit crime

Question 53

What is the cognitive theory based on

Answer 53

a long-term study of 240 male offenders, most of whom had been committed to psychiatric hospital.

Question 54

What is thinking errors

Answer 54

they argue that criminals show a range of errors and biases in their thinking and deicison-making

Question 55

What are the thinking error examples

Answer 55

Lying, secretiveness, need for power and control, super-optimism, failure to understand other's positions, lack of trust in others, uniqueness

Question 56

What is Kohlberg's moral development theory?

Answer 56

a theory of how we develop our moral thinking

Question 57

What does Kohlberg argue

Answer 57

our ideas of right and wrong develop through a series of levels and stages from childhood to adulthood.

Question 58

What do young children define right and wrong as

Answer 58

in terms of what brings punishment or rewards

Question 59

What do adults define right and wrong by

Answer 59

an understanding of underlying moral principles and values

Question 60

What does Kohlberg's theory suggest

Answer 60

Criminals' moral development is stuck at a less mature level than everyone else.