individualistic theories informing policies AC4.1

Question 1

pyschoanaylsis

Answer 1

• freud’s psychodynamic theory
• idea that a weak superego leads to criminality
• Aims to make the unconscious mind conscious then conscious repressed thoughts can be dealt with
• Aichhorn - applied psychoanalytic in treating young offenders they had uncaring or absent parents so failed to develop the superego he treated them by providing a happy and pleasant environment making the development of the superego possible

Question 2

Aichhorn

Answer 2

applied psychoanalytic in treating young offenders they had uncaring or absent parents so failed to develop the superego he treated them by providing a happy and pleasant environment making the development of the superego possible

Question 3

pyschoanaylsis: limitations

Answer 3

• Ethics > a very unstable criminal can be of danger to the therapist
• Eysenck found that only 44% of psychoanalytic patients showed improvements compared to the 70% of patients who were treated in hospitals

Question 4

psychoanalysis: strengths

Answer 4

• Heps to deal with faulty child development and poor parenting
• 2010 study showed it works as well as other psychotherapy treatments

Question 5

Behaviour modifications - token economy programme

Answer 5

• operant conditioning principles
• Used in some prisons and referred to as the “earned privileges scheme”
• when offenders act in the desired way they receive a token this can be exchanged for privileges/rewards

Question 6

TEP: limiations

Answer 6

• Generally only effective in prisons once the offender leaves it is no longer reinforced so the desired so the desired behaviour tends to disappear
• Bad ethics - cases in the us where food or drinks have been withheld and only given as a reward

Question 7

TEP: strengths

Answer 7

• Promotes a more disciplined and controlled environment making prisons more manageable
• Offenders who have participated in TEP tend to return to crime a lot slower
• Glowacki - analysed 7 high quality studied of the effectiveness of TEP and found that all studies showed a decrease in frequency of undesirable behaviour

Question 8

Behaviour modification - aversion therapy

Answer 8

• Based on eysenck’s personality theory states that criminals tend to be extrovert and neurotic making it harder to condition as they are more resistant to learning through punishment
• In aversion therapy offenders are asked to think about unacceptable sexual fantasies until they are aroused a strongly aversive stimulus is administered e.g electric shock procedure is repeated until offender associates the deviant arousal with the stimulus

Question 9

AT: limitations

Answer 9

• Short term effectiveness - once the individual is out in the real world and exposed to the stimulus without the presence of the aversive sensation it’s likely they’ll return to previous behaviour
• Ethics > can be criticised for human rights abuse as it was aimed rto cure homosexuality at one point

Question 10

AT: strengths

Answer 10

• Helps individuals to build up a resistance to the habit