Individuals and Groups

Question 1

What is Freuds model of personality?

Answer 1

Id
Ego
Superego

Question 2

What is Freuds topographical model?

Answer 2

Conscious (accessible contents of brain)
Pre-conscious ( contents that can be brought into the conscious)
Unconscious (contains motivations and cannot be accessed consciously)

Question 3

What are Freuds 4 types of energy?

Answer 3

Psyche energy (stems from instincts and states of excitement)
Eros energy (life/ego instinct, aim of self preservation)
Libido energy (sexual instinct, aim of species preservation)
Thanatos energy (death instinct, aim of all life is death)

Question 4

What does Freud claim the root of all problems are?

Answer 4

Trauma - instinct expression is threatening to the self (can be real or perceived)
Anxiety - reminders of previous trauma

Question 5

What are defence mechanisms?

Answer 5

Psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts/feelings.

Question 6

What is repression?

Answer 6

Primary repression- unwanted thoughts are turned away before entering awareness
Repression proper - unwanted material in consciousness is moved into unconscious
Both forms are to prevent the highly emotional reaction the threatening thoughts can cause.

Question 7

What is denial?

Answer 7

An individuals Inability to recognise the fact that they saw, thought or acted an event.

Question 8

What is projection?

Answer 8

A characteristic of oneself is threatening to the self and so it is attributed to others.

Question 9

What is rationalisation?

Answer 9

Accepts instinct, but justifies reasons behind them.

Question 10

What is displacement?

Answer 10

Directing an impulse against someone or something towards something else.

Question 11

What is reaction formation?

Answer 11

Denying an impulse and displaying the opposite

Question 12

What is Sublimation?

Answer 12

Satisfying an impulse with a substitute object in a socially acceptable way

Question 13

What is altruism ( the defence mechanism)?

Answer 13

Seeking pleasure from giving others what they need and derive satisfaction from it.

Question 14

What is the authoritarian personality?

Answer 14

A type of personality that is characterised by submission to legitimate authorities, aggression in the name of those authorities and conventionalism.

Question 15

What is a trait?

Answer 15

A dimension of personality in which an individual can vary.

Question 16

What are Eysenks 3 traits of personality?

Answer 16

Psychoticism
Extraversion
Introversion

Question 17

What are Costa & McCrae’s Five factor model?

Answer 17

Opennes (seeking/tolerant)
Conscientiousness (ordered/persistent)
Extraversion (exuberant/sociable)
Agreeableness (caring/considerate)
Neuroticism

Question 18

Why does individual personality change over time?

Answer 18

Context effects (family/friends etc)
Life changing events (trauma, dementia etc)
Dissociative identity disorder

Question 19

What si the DSM-V view of personality?

Answer 19

A hybrid of types and traits with 6 personality disorders (antisocial, avoidant, borderline, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, schizotypal)

Question 20

What is obedience?

Answer 20

Complying with orders from a person of higher social status within a defined hierarchy

Question 21

What were the problems with Milgrams shock experiment?

Answer 21

Demand characteristics
Ethical issues (lack of informed consent, lack of explicit right to withdraw, use of deception, lack of protection from psychological harm)

Question 22

What did Packers meta analysis conclude?

Answer 22

Disobedience was most likely at 150v sue to a critical decision point at which pps acknowledged that the learners right to terminate the experiment should override obedience.

Question 23

What safeguards did Burger put in place for her replication of Milgrams experiment?

Answer 23

2 step screening process to exclude pps that could have negative reactions to the experience
Explicit right to withdraw (twice in writing, 3 times in total)
Debriefing
A trained clinical psychologist as ‘experimenter’ that could end the experiment at signs of excessive stress.

Question 24

What 4 situational factors were identified by burger?

Answer 24

Legitimacy of authority
Gradual increase in demands
Novelty of scenario
Responsibility assigned to experimenter

Question 25

What 2 dispositional factors were identified by burger?

Answer 25

Empathy | Motivation to control events

Question 26

What are descriptive norms?

Answer 26

Patterns of behaviour (most effective norm for persuasion)

Question 27

What are prescriptive/injunctive norms?

Answer 27

Behavioural norms or expectations

Question 28

What are social norms?

Answer 28

Rules and standards that are understood by members of a group, and that guide/constrain social behaviour without the force of laws

Question 29

Why are norms effective?

Answer 29

When norms are internalised, they are followed even when violation would be unobserved.

Question 30

What is pluralistic ignorance?

Answer 30

Where every member of a group privately rejects a belief, opinion or practice, yet believes that every other member privately accepts it.

Question 31

What are Cialdini's 3 reasons why social influence is underestimated?

Answer 31

People ignore the extent to which their actions are determined by similar actions of others People ignore the persuasive impact that others behaviour can have in the choices of a target audience People ignore the extent to which others can improve their decisions when they are an expert

Question 32

What are Cialdini's principles of influence?

Answer 32

Principle of liking (people like those who like them) Principle of reciprocity (people repay in kindness) Principle of social proof (people follow the lead of similar others) Principle of consistency (people align with their clear commitments) Principle of authority (people defer to experts) Principle of scarcity (people want more of what they have less of)

Question 33

What is the low ball technique?

Answer 33

Inducing someone to make a decision about an action and then making a change to the request

Question 34

What is group polarisation?

Answer 34

Tendency to make decisions that are more extreme than the average of group members initial positions, in the direction already favoured by the group

Question 35

What is social comparison theory of group polarisation?

Answer 35

Group members tend to compare themselves with other members and have the need to view themselves positively to gain the approval of others. Therefore, they highlight the values of the group and gravitate towards the perceived desirable view rather than the group mean

Question 36

What is self categorisation ?

Answer 36

The group norm can be more extreme than the average position of the entire population, and polarisation reflects the movement towards that norm which is enhanced by reference to an outside group.

Question 37

What is groupthink?

Answer 37

A syndrome of poor decision making in which members of a cohesive group strive for unanimity and the expense of seeking the best solution

Question 38

How can groupthink be overcome?

Answer 38

``` Agree on a procedure for debate Use external experts Reduce pressure to reach consensus Reduce pressure to reach a decision Increase cohesiveness to avoid spirals of silence ```

Question 39

What is Steiners theory of group productivity?

Answer 39

Actual productivity=potential productivity-losses incurred in group process Losses include social loafing (loss of motivation) or imperfect coordination of group effort.

Question 40

What makes groups more productive?

Answer 40

Group cohesion, e.g given a uniform, team name, etc. | Worchel et al.

Question 41

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard et al)?

Answer 41

Intergroup conflict is a natural response to the frustrations of social life as aggression is displaced to socially approved targets. E.g economic depression in germany corresponded with the rise in antisemitism

Question 42

What is relative deprivation theory? (Runciman)

Answer 42

Intergroup conflict results from the negative feelings created when a perceived gap between what the group has and what the group expects. Discontent and anger by those experiencing it may express itself as collective protest or prejudice against the groups that in relation they feel deprived. High status groups can also experience it if they perceive their superiority is under threat.

Question 43

What is realistic group conflict theory? (Sherif)

Answer 43

Determinants of intergroup conflict lie in the objective intergroup situation (not intrapsychic processes). Intergroup behaviour is rational and goal directed with goals of competition, cooperation and friendliness, but hostility arises as a result of competition of scarce resources.

Question 44

What is symbolic racism theory? (Henry & Sears)

Answer 44

Racial discrimination is a thinking of the past, continuing disadvantage of groups is due to a lack of will to work hard, resentment relating to minority efforts for equality, perception of undeserved advantages that give minorities more than they deserve. Groups with these values are hostile to outgroups.

Question 45

What is the obama effect? (Lybarger)

Answer 45

Exposure to black role models did not reduce pps implicit prejudice, but did increase white pps agreement with the tents of symbolic racism.

Question 46

What is social identity theory? (Tajfel & Turner)

Answer 46

Social categories add to our identity, people strive to maintain a positive identity, positive identity is based on favourable intergroup comparison, threats to identity can cause people to leave their group or make it more distinctive.

Question 47

What are the ways of overcoming prejudice?

Answer 47

Dual identity Creating common ingroup identity by increasing intergroup contact Both can be achieved via multiculturalism

Question 48

What is prejudice?

Answer 48

A preconcieved negative judgement of a group and its individual members

Question 49

What is terror management theory? (Hirchberger)

Answer 49

People are motivated to subdue the terror stemming from Human awareness of mortality. To cope with the inevitability of death people adhere to cultural and religious world-views in order to gain self esteem to suppress death related thoughts.