Individuals to communities

Question 1

Competetitive Exclusion Principle

Answer 1

Two or more resource-limited species occupying the same niches cannot co-exist in a stable environment.

One species will be better adapted and will out-compete or eliminate the other species.

Question 2

Character displacement

Answer 2

Characteristics are more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species.
Allows the two species to avoid competition.

Question 3

Allopatric

Answer 3

living apart

Question 4

Sympatric

Answer 4

living together

Question 5

Resource

Answer 5

abiotic or biotic quantities that can be altered and reduced by the activities of living organisms

Question 6

Condition

Answer 6

abiotic features of the environment that may be altered by the activities of living organisms, but not consumed

Question 7

Individual fitness

Answer 7

relative measure of success of an organism in passing its genes to the next generation

Question 8

Performance

Answer 8

ability to survive, grow, and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions

Question 9

Ecological niche

Answer 9

combination of conditions and resources required by an individual species to persist
n-dimensional set of resources and conditions

Question 10

Fundamental niche

Answer 10

range of physiological tolerances in the absence of interaction with other species (competition)

Question 11

Realized niche

Answer 11

environmental space where a species actually occurs, accounting for availability of environment resources and biotic interactions affecting a species distribution

Question 12

Niche partitioning

Answer 12

species tend to differentiate or partition their resource and space use to avoid direct competition

occurs through natural selection

Question 13

Temporal niche partitioning

Answer 13

organisms may separate the time they occupy a certain space or resource

Question 14

Spatial niche partitioning

Answer 14

separating space they occupy

Question 15

Morphological partitioning

Answer 15

consuming differently sized seeds with differently sized beaks

Question 16

Trait

Answer 16

hereditary morphological, physiological or phenological characteristic that is measurable at the individual level and that influences performance
product of genes and environment

Question 17

Population

Answer 17

group of individuals of the same species at the same place and the same time

Question 18

Close popoulation

Answer 18

population with no movement (gene flow) to or from it

Question 19

Open population

Answer 19

population with movement (gene flow) to or from it

Question 20

Death rates

Answer 20

influenced by life span, adult mortality rate and juvenile mortality rate

Question 21

Birth rates

Answer 21

influenced by age at first reproduction (sexual maturity), gestation period, birth interval and lifetime fecundity

Question 22

Carrying capcacity (k)

Answer 22

maximum number of organisms of a given species that can be supported in a given environment

Question 23

Density-dependent processes

Answer 23

factors that regulate a population via influencing birth or death rates, where the intensity of impact varies with population density

Question 24

Density-independent processes

Answer 24

factors that regulate a population where the intensity of impact is independent of population density

Question 25

Meta-populations

Answer 25

spatially separated population or populations movement of gene flow is how population-level genetic diversity is developed and maintained helps in understanding individual-level phenotypic variation due to differences in environmental conditions and resources across space, and the process of extinction

Question 26

Commensalism

Answer 26

an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm

Question 27

Co-evolutionary escalation

Answer 27

when changes in one species' adaptations are matched by improvements in the other evolves when a trait is only beneficial relative to the population (i.e. intraspecific competition for a limited resources like nectar is high)

Question 28

Competition

Answer 28

interaction where the fitness of one is directly or indirectly lowered by the presence of another

Question 29

Apparent competition

Answer 29

when competitors indirectly reduce each other's fitness through a shared predator or pathogen ex. yellow barley virus or interference competition over space

Question 30

Selective herbivory

Answer 30

when herbivores directly damage or remove the biomass of competitively dominant plants, and indirectly impact competition between plants can result in higher plant diversity ex. bison frequently consume C4 plants (tall grasses), allowing more light at ground level for a greater portion of C3 plants to thrive

Question 31

Predator

Answer 31

natural enemy that attacks multiple victims | eliminates a victim's fitness through death

Question 32

Parasite

Answer 32

natural enemy that attacks a singly victim | reduces victim's fitness without death

Question 33

Behavior-modifying infection

Answer 33

some parasites cause changes in the behavior of their intermediate hosts by directly affecting host decision-making and behavior control mechanisms modified behaviors of the intermediate host assists in parasite transmission and typically result in intermediate host's death ex. tongue eating louse that enter through fish's gills ex. cat releasing toxoplasma gondii to attract mice

Question 34

Fitness

Answer 34

individual level | survival and growth is affected

Question 35

Abundance

Answer 35

population level | number of individuals from a single species

Question 36

Evenness

Answer 36

community level the population of species in relative to others one species could be more affected than the other

Question 37

Richness

Answer 37

community level diversity, number of different species some species could face extirpation

Question 38

Composition

Answer 38

community level all species in a community the different in effect could change number of species proportion of species in a community

Question 39

Community ecology

Answer 39

study of how interactions among biota and between biota and the environment affect community structure

Question 40

Community

Answer 40

group of two or more trophically similar species that occupy the same area, and the same time, and who can interact defined by species richness, relative or total abundance, evenness, and species composition

Question 41

Dispersal

Answer 41

movement of individuals across space

Question 42

Colonization

Answer 42

successful establishment of a new species

Question 43

Tobler's first law of geography

Answer 43

Everything is related to everything else but near things are more related than distant things

Question 44

Extinction

Answer 44

global loss of a species

Question 45

Extirpation

Answer 45

local loss of a species | small areas have high extirpation rates

Question 46

Niche-based processes

Answer 46

deterministic (predictable) processes | informed by niche requirements of different species

Question 47

Neutral-based processes

Answer 47

stochastic (unpredictable) informed by random chance events of dispersal, colonization and extinction traits don't matter

Question 48

Succession

Answer 48

observed change in community over time due to dispersal, colonization or extinction traits vary across succession stages

Question 49

Speciation

Answer 49

evolutionary process by which reproductively isolated populations evolve to become distinct species

Question 50

Function

Answer 50

ecosystem properties or processes produced through interactions between individual organisms, and organisms and their environment

Question 51

Kinds of function

Answer 51

``` Almost any interaction or process that involves biodiversity can be considered a function Net Primary Productivity Pollination Predation Waste removal Soil porosity ```

Question 52

Biodiversity

Answer 52

variety of life forms at all levels of biological systems | genes, species, populations, and ecosystems

Question 53

Ecosystem services

Answer 53

subset of ecosystem functions of direct relevance to human health, wealth, and wellbeing