Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AHW - exotics > indoor birds > Flashcards

indoor birds Flashcards

(7th april) (69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

name the 2 categories of indoor birds

A

passerine and psittacine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

passerine species - 2 examples

A

canaries and finches
(perching/song birds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

psittacine

A

parrots, macaws, cockatoos, budgies
(hooked beaks and short necks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

passerine vs psittacine - feet

A

PASSERINE = ANISOdactyl
(3 toes forward, 1 back)

PSITTACINE = ZYGOdactyl
(2 toes forward, 2 back)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

psittacine - diet

A

predom seed eaters, some specialised feeders e.g. lorikeets - nectar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

critical values in birds

A
  • very high metabolic rates
    (HR and resp rate)
  • body temp normal up to 42°C
  • passerines up to 2°C higher than other birds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sex determination in birds: 3 ways that birds may express/exhibit sex

A

sexual dimorphism (distinguishing gender by physical appearance)

sexually monomorphic (males and females look the same EXTERNALLY)

behaviour diffs (males usually more vocal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sexual dimorphism - define

A

distinguishing gender by physical appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sexual monomorphism - define

A

males and females look the same EXTERNALLY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

examples of 3 species that exhibit sexual dimorphism and how

A

BUDGIES (cere) - blue males, brown red females

COCKATOOS (iris) - black males, brown females

COCKATIELS - tail feather diffs after first moult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how to determine sex when sexually monomorphic (2 ways - just name them)

A

endoscopy

DNA analysis of blood/feather pulp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how to determine sex when sexually monomorphic - ENDOSCOPY
what is this?

A

endoscopy = visual assessment of gonads (inside body - invasive and dangerous - not medically necessary/animal not in danger?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how to determine sex when sexually monomorphic - DNA ANALYSIS

A
  • of blood/feather pulp
  • collection under aseptic conditions to prevent contamination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:
4 factors that can be classed as air quality issues?

A
  • central heating (too warm/dry)
  • TEFLON TOXICITY
  • smoke
  • air freshener/perfumes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:
6 examples

A

1 no UV exposure

2 air quality issues

3 inapp/lack of perching

4 scary stimuli (e.g. TV, children)

5 small cages w lack of mental/physical stim

6 kept alone/in groups w limited space/resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:
what constitutes to inapp perching?

A

all same diameter

plastic (same texture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:
CONSEQUENCES of small cages w lack of mental/physical stim

A

obesity and poor fitness

stress related illness

stereotypical behaviours (bar biting?)

pododermatitis (bumblefoot)

self mutilation (picking at skin after feathers)

over bonding (?explain why)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:
SOLUTIONS to small cages w lack of mental/physical stim

A

toys, enrichment, opportunities to free fly and explore env outside of cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:
CONSEQUENCES of kept alone/groups w limited space/resources

A

over-bonding (to owner?)

aggression

stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:
SOLUTIONS TO kept alone/groups w limited space/resources

A
  • soc interaction
  • enrichment
  • lots of space/resources and ‘safe places’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:

CONSEQUENCES of no UV exposure

A
  • disorders of calcium metabolism (osteodystropy)
  • reduced preening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:

SOLUTIONS for no UV exposure

A
  • artificial full spectrum (UVA-A AND -B)
  • COMPLETE DIET
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:

CONSEQUENCES of air quality issues

A
  • resp disease
  • poor skin/feather condition
  • feather plucking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY:

SOLUTIONS for air quality issues

A
  • bath/spraying
  • adeq vent. but away from draughts
  • away from kitchen (teflon)
  • air deionisers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY: CONSEQUENCES of 'scary stimuli'
poor welfare > fear stress related illness
26
INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY: CONSEQUENCES of inappt/lack of perching
nail problems (too long as texture not wearing down?) pododermatitis (bumblefoot) beak problems
27
bumblefoot name
pododermatitis
28
INADEQUATE HUSBANDRY: SOLUTIONS for inappt/lack of perching
appt sized natural perches e.g. branches *varied texture and diameter*
29
indoor bird cages - what size should they be?
- should be able to extend wings in all directions (MINIMUM) - additional opps for exercise outside of cage (cage = limited periods only)
30
indoor bird cages: their composition - what you want (4 points)
- stainless steel (NOT powder coated > chew bars = zinc toxicity) - horizontal bars for climbing - avoid curved designs - maximise space - easy to clean
31
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS problems with seed based diets: 4
- variable in quality and nutritional comp (don't actually know how much of each e.g. vitamin bird is consuming) - high in fat - low in nutrients - bac and fungal contamination common
32
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS problems with seed based diets: low in nutrients, which nutrients?
- amino acids - vit A/E/D - iodine - inverse the Ca:P ratio (should have more Ca, but seed diet gives excess P, excreted from kidneys aswell as Ca - further depleting Ca - further inversing ratio?)
33
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS: alts to seed based diets (4):
- de husked seed - pulse - mixed (supplementation) - formulated ...diets
34
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS: de husked seed diets - pros and cons (compare to seed diet)
less contamination (why?) nutritionally poor
35
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS: pulse diets - pros and cons (compare to seed diet)
- better than seeds (more protein) - nutrient deficient (esp Ca > Ca:P?) (- best as supplementary food)
36
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS MIXED diet - pros and cons (compare to seed diet)
- hard to get right (balance of nutrients etc.?) - allows for selective eating/sorting by bird (not ideal)
37
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS formulated diet
- complete - nutritionally balanced - at least 50% f+v
38
what is hepatic lipidosis? how can it be avoided?
fat accumulation/fatty deposits in the liver (?) gradual diet changes (???ask)
39
specialised feeders: give an example +point to note
lorikeets - pollen and nectar *must be made up fresh to avoid bac contam. = prevent food borne illness*
40
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS: GRIT
- improves digestibility - no teeth = grit and muscles to grind food in gizzard - protects GI tract from damage from sharp objects - source of nutrients e.g. Ca if oyster shell added
41
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS: GRIT - recommended for which birds?
ALL esp smaller species may not be necessary on commercial pelleted diets
42
common problems - brief list
- zinc toxicity - bumblefoot - feather plucking - over-bonding - hypocalcaemia (low blood Ca) - hypovitaminosis A (vit A deficiency)
43
zinc toxicity - from where? - signs?
from: cage coins keys etc. signs: lethargy weakness regurgitation weight loss anaemia more drinking and urinating neuro. signs feather plucking
44
bumblefoot - name - explain what it is
- ulcerative pododermatitis - pressure sores on feet (from standing in same place/position for long) - can lead to secondary infections/abscesses
45
bumblefoot predisposing factors
- obesity - lack of activity - LAMENESS - poor perching - nutritional problems (esp hypovitaminosis A) - overgrown nails - poor hygiene (inc. risk of infection)
46
feather plucking causes
- breeding related - behavioural (boredom/stress/poor soc) - nutritional deficiencies - improper husbandry (e.g. lack bathing/spraying) - allergies - systemic disease (affects multiple body parts/organs/whole body) - pain - zinc poisoning - poor wing clipping
47
what is systemic disease?
disease that affects multiple body parts/organs/whole body
48
what can feather plucking lead to?
self mutilation - self inflicted damage by beak to skin/deeper
49
over-bonding why/how this occurs
many (all?) birds monogamous and pair-bond for life absence of mate = intense bonding with owner
50
over-bonding problems that may arise (5)
- regurgitation - frustration - stress/anxiety - aggression (e.g. if person is interacting with others and not with bird ??)o - excessive egg laying
51
over-bonding prevention (4)
- share interaction and caring responsibilities equally between members of household - avoid stroking down length of back - avoid behaviours such as mouth to beak feeding - do not positively reinforce courtship behaviours e.g. regurgitation (just ignore?)
52
self-bonding how it arises and the negative effect
with mirrors in cage (e.g. for enrichment) - bird sees as mate 'mate' does not mate with bird = frustration
53
hypocalcaemia - what is it - how is it caused in birds
low blood calcium - Ca metabolism requires VitD - UV required for conversion of VitD to active form BUT - indoor birds: inadequate UV exposure = less VitD in active form so less Ca metabolised Ca and VitD deficient diet
54
hypocalcaemia signs
- neuro issues (incoordination/twitching/seizures) - osteodystrophy (bone abnormalities/fractures) - beak deformities - repro. issues (egg abnormality, egg binding) - poor feather quality/plucking
55
breed that is prone to hypocalcaemia?
African Grey Parrot
56
hypovitaminosis A - what is it - why is it an issue
- VitA deficiency (most common vit def) - VitA important for health/immune functionh
57
hypovitaminosis A where does it affect? (+ type of cells)
(epithelial cells throughout body) - resp tract - repro tract - urinary tract
58
hypovitaminosis A clinical signs
- **nasal discharge - **periorbital (around eyes) swelling - abscesses - sinusitis - **white plaques around face/in mouth - conjunctivitis - **breathing difficulties - increased urination and drinking - poor feather qual/feather plucking - bumblefoot - recurrent infections ** = most characteristic to hypovitaminosis A???
59
respiratory disease causes
air quality issues e.g. - dry and warm (central heating) - air fresheners/perfume - smoke - dust - inadequate vent. - TEFLON TOXICITY
60
infectious diseases: name 2
Aspergillosis Psittacosisnf
61
infectious diseases: Aspergillosis
- fungal infection - opportunistic (will make sick when immune system damaged/weakened) - is everywhere – if bird particularly stressed etc. = clinical illness​ - causes: stress, immunosuppression, underlying disease, poor husbandry, nutritional deficiencies​ **tweak these so more digestible as they're basically copy pasted from ppt**
62
infectious diseases: Psittacosis
- Chlamydophila psittacii ​ - Zoonotic​ - Stress trigger = clinical illness​ - Carrier birds esp. budgies, cockatiels (wild birds)​ **tweak these so more digestible as they're basically copy pasted from ppt**
63
identification methods:
- ringing (left - F, right - M) - microchipping - ??DNA profiling (sexing) - tattooing - rubber stamping - photographing
64
ringing 2 uses
1) identification 2) male = right leg female = left leg
65
identification methods - 4 reasons why
- identifying breeding pair - recognise offspring from particular parents - trace origin/supplier - trace/prove ownership
66
wing clipping - problems associated with
- feather plucking - delayed moult - stress - injury
67
wing clipping - procedure (5)
- BILATERAL (not unilateral - may able to take off but will crash) - sharp sterile scissors to cut primary feathers - NEVER cut blood feathers (actively growing) - flight test clip another if flies >7.5m) - flight still poss (warn owner)
68
wing clipping - 2 alternatives
training harnesses
69
claw and beak trimming - reasons
((normally kept in shape by mechanical action)) - overgrowth (nut. def., liver disease, inadequate husbandry) - malocclusion (congenital - birth or trauma) - infectious disease - fractures - perching issues (?? research why)

AHW - exotics (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions