Industrial britain Flashcards
(33 cards)
Identify two positive benefits for factories developing football teams in the post-industrial society. Also, can you name a current professional football club that started as a factory team?
(Total 2marks)
* Increased health and fitness of workers
* More efficient workers due to increased moral
* More disciplined workforce as sport taught morals
- Arsenal
Whichoneof the following statements accurately describes the term urbanisation?
A= An improvement in living conditions in run-down areas of society
B= An increase in the proportion of people living in towns compared to the countryside
C= The import and export of sports throughout the British Empire
D= The movement from an industrial society to an agricultural society
B
By the beginning of the 20th century, football had become a popular sport with working class populations in urban areas.
Suggest reasons for the decline of mob games and their replacement by this modern form of sport. [5 marks]
- Ex-public schoolboys and factroy owners set up teams via factories / church in which working class could participate
- Commercialisation of football provided the basis for professional teams / players
- Majority encouraged to become spectators due to increased disposable income
- Improvements in transport / railways - more widespread fixtures
- Shorter working week / works facilities
- Promotion of football among population via media
- Industrial work reduced number of festivals / opportunities to play mob games reduced
- Development of urban areas destroyed traditional village rivalries on which mob games were based
- Urban areas initially lacked the open spaces required for mob games
- Industrialisation produced clear division between work and leisure time / particular times of the week became associated with leisure time
- Laws / changes in culture made rowdy, violent behaviour associated with mob games unacceptable / civilising process reduced the levels of violence that would be tolerated
*Accept any other suitable answers
Analyse how the emergence of the middle class in the industrial and post-industrial period (1780–1900) impacted on the sport of association football at this time. [8 marks]
AO1 Knowledge of the middle class in the industrial and post-industrial period (1780−1900)
* Middle class were self-made men who took advantage of new business opportunities available during the industrial revolution.
* Also emerged from school and universities.
* Less money than upper class but education/entrepreneurialism allowed them to take up prominent roles in society.
* They became factory owners, clergy, officers in the army etc.
* These roles put them in positions where they oversaw/had control over/were trying to help the working class.
AO2 Application of the middle class to association football
* National governing bodies: Middle class set up a national governing body (the FA) which codified sports allowing everyone to play by the same rules.
* They created competition structures for people to enter such as the FA Cup.
* Factory owners: Set up factory teams.
* Providing workers with increased leisure time.
* Clergy: Provided land and facilities for football to take place.
* Philanthropists: Paid for the development of public parks/facilities where football could be played.
AO3 Analysis of how the middle class impacted on the sport of association football
* Broken time payments made by factory owners signalled the start of professional football which increased the standard by making the sport more appealing to the working class.
* Factory owners set aside time for footballers to train and play matches allowing greater focus on improving sport specific skills and fitness.
* The codification of rules by the FA/middle class meant that teams could travel to different areas to play a larger pool of teams of a higher ability, which improved the standard.
* The development of structured competitions such as the FA cup meant that the sport became more competitive/success was widely recognised increasing factory owners’ motivation to bring together the best teams possible.
* The provision of more football pitches via the church and philanthropists increased the number of people who were able to play. This increased the playing pool and therefore the standard of the players who reached the top and became professional.
Accept any other appropriate analysis of how the emergence of the middle class in the industrial and post-industrial period (1780–1900) impacted on the sport of association football at the time.
Max 8 marks
identify five Social factors that influenced society in the 19th century
A. Reduction of working hours / increased leisure time
B. Increase in wages
C. Improvements in railways / transport (which allowed)
D. Improved communication / media / newspapers
E. Emergence of middle classes
F. Creation of governing bodies / clubs
G. Creation of teams from factories / churches [accept muscular Christianity] / ex-public school boys / provision of access to facilities / philanthropists
H. Emergence of professional teams
I. Urbanisation
J. Commercialisation
K. British Empire / colonial / Commonwealth
L. Public provision (local authority/government) / civilising of society
M. Technology / inventions
N. Public schools/universities / old boys network
The nineteenth century saw the emergence of the middle classes, who had a social conscience with regard to the development of sport.
Explain how the middle classes contributed to the development of lawn tennis during this period.
[2 marks]
* Middle class formed NGB, the Lawn Tennis Association (1)
* Middle class supported the codification of tennis / the development of rules / development of equipment / clubs (1)
* (Middle class supported the development of competitions / they developed league and competition structures / tournaments (1)
* Middle class supported women in participating in lawn tennis (1)
Answers must relate to the nineteenth century
Accept any other appropriate explanations of how the middle classes contributed to the development of lawn tennis.
In 1850 Dr William Penny Brookes founded the Wenlock Olympian Games.
Identify two aims of the Wenlock Olympian Games.
[2 marks]
* Form Olympian Class (1)
* Promote moral improvements (1)
* Promote physical improvements (1)
* Promote intellectual improvements (1)
* Targeted at people of the town and neighbourhood of Wenlock (1)
Accept first two answers only.
Many of the sporting values and technical developments that underpin modern sport were established in the 19th century.
Explain the social factors that contributed to the emergence of mass spectator sport in the 19th century.
[4 marks]
Reduction of working hours / better wages (which allowed) increased time to attend matches / pay for leisure activities.
Accept time or money, both not needed.
Improvements in railways / transport (which allowed) easier access to events / able to attend matches played further away.
Improved communication / media / newspapers / better literacy / more people could read (which allowed) promotion role models / celebrities / awareness of events.
Emergence of middle classes (which allowed) opportunity for business / agents / social control / need to entertain the masses / encourage better social morals or equiv.
Do not accept:
Sponsorship.
Television.
-Creation of governing bodies / development of rational recreation (which allowed) organised competitions / leagues / international events / standardised rules / regulations / codification / regular fixtures.
Better technology – too vague.
Answer has to make reference to the impact on sport.
Creation of teams from factories / churches / ex-public school boys (which allowed) local opportunity for spectators / creation of sense of community.
Emergence of professional teams / broken time payments (which allowed) exciting spectacle / higher standard of play / local team to support.
Urbanisation (which caused) need for alternative to traditional sporting activities due to lack of space / large population close together made spectating necessary / loss of mob games / growth of towns / cities.
Commercialisation (which caused) opportunities to develop professional teams / spectator team identity or equiv / develop new stadiums.
Answer must have some link to impact of named factor rather than just a list of points.
During the industrial and post-industrial period (1780 – 1900) rapid changes occurred in sport reflecting the changes occurring in society. One such change was the development of improved transport and communication.
(a) Suggest how the improvements in transport and communication during this period led to an increase in the standard of performance in sport. [4 marks]
*Development of further / faster transport allowed teams to travel further playing against a higher standard of opposition / play more (1)
- Improved transport allowed the development of leagues increasing competitiveness and incentivising success (1)
- Improved / cheaper transport allowed performers access to new activities increasing the number of performers and in turn the overall standard (1)
*Improved communication led to the development of role models who younger performers aimed to emulate / copy (1)
*Improved communication led to the codification of sport, enabling fixtures and leagues to occur between people from different areas (1)
- Improved communication meant you could follow a team, increasing spectators, leading to professionalism (1)
Accept any other appropriate suggestion of how transport and communication led to an increase in the standard of performance. Improvement in transport and communication must be linked to improvement in standard of performance.
Explain how the public schoolboys and university old boys influenced the spread of sport throughout the British Empire’s foreign territories.
[3 marks]
[AO2 = 2]
* As clergy/missionaries they developed church teams/promoted muscular Christianity (1)
* As officers in the army they used sport within the armed service and this spread throughout the Empire (1)
* As diplomats travelling to different countries allowed them to take sport with them (1)
* As teachers taught sporting values in schools across the British Empire (1)
Accept any other appropriate explanation for how the public schoolboys and university old boys influenced the spread of sport throughout the British Empire’s foreign territories.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of amateurs in the 1800s?
A
Controllers of sport
B
High moral codes
C
High social status
D
Lower-level performers
D
Explain how the Church supported and promoted sport and recreation during late-nineteenth century Britain. [3 marks]
[AO2 = 2]
* Churches used sport to influence social control/redirecting time to sport to improve behaviour and less time was spent gambling/drinking (1)
* Churches used their land to provide sporting/recreational activities (1)
* Churches used sport to promote Christian values (1)
* Churches used sport and recreation as a good way to increase congregation/attendance numbers (1)
Accept any other appropriate explanation for how the Church promoted and supported sport and recreation.
The nineteenth century saw the emergence of the middle classes, who had a social conscience with regard to the development of sport.
Explain how the middle classes contributed to the development of lawn tennis during this period. [2 marks]
[AO2 = 2]
* Middle class formed NGB, the Lawn Tennis Association (1)
* Middle class supported the codification of tennis / the development of rules / development of equipment / clubs (1)
* (Middle class supported the development of competitions / they developed league and competition structures / tournaments (1)
* Middle class supported women in participating in lawn tennis (1)
Answers must relate to the nineteenth century
Accept any other appropriate explanations of how the middle classes contributed to the development of lawn tennis.
Explain how the church promoted sport and recreation among their local communities
during the mid-to-late nineteenth century. [3 marks]
Encourage social control e.g. improving behaviour and diverting from less social behaviours (1)
Churches offered the use of halls which increased the availability of facilities / spaces for sport and recreation to be played (1)
Churches looked to increase the morality and values of society through sport and recreation (1)
Churches organised teams/fixtures/leagues which encouraged participation in sport (1)
The church utilised sport and recreation to promote Christian values and increase church attendances (1)
The church promoted muscular Christianity through sport (1)
Accept any other appropriate explanations of how the church promoted sport and recreation among their local communities during the mid-to-late nineteenth century.
State three characteristics of amateurs during the industrial and post-industrial (1780–1900) period. [3 marks]
Award one mark for any of the following points.
* High status / respected (1)
* Played for the love of the game (1)
* Controlled sport (1)
* Top / best performers (1)
* High moral values / sportsmanship / fair play (1).
Do not accept upper class
Not paid is too vague
Accept any other relevant characteristics of amateurs during this period (1780-1900).
Max 3 marks
Rational recreation saw the development of early professionalism during the industrial and post-industrial era (1780–1900).
Explain the differences between the gentleman amateur and working-class professional and the impact these had on their participation during this time. [4 marks]
* (Wealth) Gentlemen amateur had more money therefore had access to a wider range of activities to participate in / working class professional has less money so could access fewer activities to participate in (1)
* (Time) Gentleman amateur had more free time so had the opportunity to participate in more activity / working class professional had less free time due to long working hours so had less opportunity to participate in activity (1)
* (Commitment) Gentleman amateurs had less desire to improve performance therefore had no desire to participate in training / working class professional were more committed to perform as well as possible so participated in training (1)
* (Morality) Gentleman amateur had higher morality therefore participation had an emphasis on taking part and fair play / working class professionals had lower morality therefore participation was based on a win at all costs approach (1).
Answers must show evidence of comparison and impact on participation to be credited.
Accept other appropriate discussion of the differences between the ‘gentleman amateur’ and ‘working-class professional’.
Explain how two characteristics of sport are evident in the game of tennis. [4 marks]
(AO2) Tennis is highly structured / organised / has (codified) rules (1) (AO3) e.g. court size/how many times the ball can bounce / leagues and fixtures (1).
(AO2) Tennis is institutionalised / has a national governing body (1), (AO3) e.g. who decide on rule changes / regulates rules / organise competitions (1).
(AO2) Tennis has officials (1), (AO3) e.g. there is a line judge / umpire (1).
(AO2) Tennis you play for extrinsic rewards (1), (AO3) e.g. you can win prize money / trophies / titles (1).
(AO2) Tennis is competitive / serious (1), (AO3) e.g. the aim is to win games / sets (1).
(AO2) Tennis is skilful / involves tactics and strategies (1), (AO3) e.g. there are lots of different types of shots you can play (1).
Explain two characteristics of nineteenth century lawn tennis. [4 marks]
* Played regularly (1) because the players had more time to play (1)
* Middle class development (1) due to involvement in creation of clubs/NGB (1)
* Highly structured/skills/tactics (1) due to the rationalisation of tennis (1)
* Equipment and facilities available to play (1) for example played in suburban gardens/manufacturing of equipment for purchase (1)
* Social game (1) meant that both sexes could play together as it was considered a suitable activity for females (1)
Accept other relevant explanations of the characteristics of nineteenth century lawn tennis.
Explain the impact of improved transport and communication on sport in the post-industrial society. [4 marks]
Transport (sub max 2 marks)
* Improved transport meant that players could travel and so leagues could be established (1)
* This then impacted the sport as it resulted in National Governing Bodies being developed to organise and regulate (1)
* Sport also then attracted spectators as they could also travel to fixtures (1)
Communication (sub max 2 marks)
* Improved communication meant that fixtures could be arranged with other teams (1)
* Results could also be published in newspapers which increased popularity with spectators (1)
Accept other suitable explanations of the impact of improved transport and communication on sport in the post-industrial society.
Compare the importance of improved transport and urbanisation on the development of association football from the mid-19th century onwards. [4 marks]
* Both equally as important as they allowed football to be played more regularly (1).
* Urbanisation can be seen to be important as the large numbers of people in one place provided a captive audience (1).
* The lack of space meant that purpose built facilities had to be built to manage crowds / provide a focus (1).
* Perhaps more important than transport as the majority of crowds were ’home’ supporters anyway (1).
* Transport did however allow teams to travel so important as more and wider fixtures could be organised (1).
* Football was able to develop as fans could also now travel to watch games (1).
* Can be argued that transport was the most important as without it, new competitions could not have existed, eg FA Cup from 1871-2 season (1).
Accept any other relevant evaluative point around the importance of improved transport and urbanisation on the development of association football from the mid-19th century onwards.
Evaluate the extent to which British rule over an ‘empire’ played in the spreading of sporting ideas throughout the world in the 19th century. [4 marks]
AO1 (sub-max 1 mark)
* British public school boys and university old boys spread sporting values throughout the empire (1).
AO2 (sub-max 1 mark)
Sporting ideas were spread throughout the empire by:
* teachers − development of teams / values (1)
* clergy − developed church teams / became missionaries (1)
* British army − armed services played sport in the empire (1)
* diplomats − travelled the world and took ideas with them (1).
AO3 (sub-max 2 marks)
* British Empire provided ‘worldwide opportunities’ / countries for British ideas to be taken to (1)
* The varying stakeholders − teachers / clergy, etc spread concepts / games to each part of the empire (1).
* The empire was literally worldwide and meant that sports like association football could be picked up by countries in all corners of the globe (1).
* Continuing need to protect and secure the empire meant that the British army had to be present in all parts of the empire − thus sporting ideas spread as the army played stereotypical British sports (1).
Accept any other relevant evaluative point around the extent to which British rule over an empire played in the spreading of sporting ideas throughout the world in the 19th century.
The Church encouraged the post-industrial game of football.
Analyse how they achieved this and their reasons for encouraging the development of football.
(Total 8 marks)
AO1 – Knowledge
Identified reasons for how and why the Church encouraged the post-industrial game of football-simple statement, eg [How] the Church gave its approval by creating Sunday school teams. The Church teams were organised by the clergy for parishioners to play, they also provided facilities to play, eg land. [Why] the Church encouraged the game because it was a form of rational recreation and because it was a better form of the sport than mob games. It promoted muscular Christianity.
AO2 – Application
Applied explanation for how and why the Church encouraged the post-industrial game of football, eg in order to attract more people to Church, the Church created and encouraged Sunday school football teams. They organised football matches to counter the vices that were reported in towns and cities. It gave an opportunity for the clergy to come into contact with the wider community.
AO3 – Analysis
Linked explanation of reasons for how and why the Church encouraged the post-industrial game of football, eg the Church encouraged the rational form of football because it had been given rules; by encouraging playing to the rules this would improve the morals of the working classes and act as a form of social control. Meaning that less time was spent drinking, promoting muscular Christianity amongst the working classes.
Credit other relevant points explaining how the church encouraged the post-industrial game of football and their reasons for encouraging the development.
During the 19th century, many sports’ governing bodies were established.
Explain the factors that led to the emergence of national governing bodies, such as the Football Association, during the 19th century. [4 marks]
A ‘Old boys’/Blues/Public school boys – left schools/universities and wanted to continue playing their sports
B Middle classes – wanted control / moral force in society tended to form clubs and NGB
C Participation/clubs developed – needed an overriding organisation to organise competitions/control – administration structure / development of leagues / Cup competitions/ international competitions
D Need for rules/codification of rules – to establish nationally recognised set of rules/growth of rational recreation / code of practise/previously variation in rules
E Amateur and professional/eligibility – development of ‘professional’ codes led to increased number of NGB’s, e.g. Rugby Union-Rugby League
F Exclusion – e.g. working classes often excluded on amateur grounds /women often excluded/banned
Factors must be explained, not just stated
Accept appropriate alternative explanations for each factor
Focus of question is establishment of NGB not spread of rational recreation
Elite sport has changed significantly since the 19th century.
Explain positive impact of amateur and professionals on 19th century and modern day sport.
(Total 8 marks)
(Amaturesim)
A Taking part in sport for the love of it / no monetary gain.
B Participation / process more important than winning.
C Encourages socially acceptable behaviour e.g. morals / abide by rules of sport / fairplay / sportsmanship.
D Discourages deviant behaviour e.g. cheating / match fixing etc.
E Because not tempted by extrinsic rewards.
F 19th century – amateur middle or upper class / amateurs revered the ‘all-rounder’.
G Today can still be financially supported e.g. sponsorship / SportsAid.
H Freedom from restrictions of professional contracts / not seen as a commodity / no contractual obligations.
I (Amateurism) inclusive / not always based on ability / less pressure / can perform at all levels / experience lots of sports / can perform at grass roots to elite level.
J ‘open’ championships – amateurs can still compete against professionals – just not win the money e.g. golf.
K Eligibility codes protect amateurs from competing against professionals.
L Olympic Games – biggest competition in the world maintained exclusive amateurism for over a century / still have the oath – keeping moral focus in the Games.
L Amateur sport can act as a platform for professional sport e.g. boxing, golf etc.
(Professionalism) – earning money from sport / broken time payments.
B 19th century sport became a business / amateur paid for professionals / upper class were patrons.
C 19th century from the working class.
D Train full time.
E So standards improve.
F As winning is critical / win ethic.
G Encourages spectator sport / better spectacle for spectators.
H 19th century occupied the masses / social control.
I Olympic Games – do now accept some professional performers e.g. basketball.
J Today all social classes can participate in either amateur or professional.
K Ethics / moral codes still evident in amateur and professional sports today.
L NGBs formed.
M Today injection of money / commercialisation – TV rights etc. allows NGBs to invest in grass roots / economic benefit to country / sport benefits / country benefits.
N Today amateur and professional codes blurred due to shared characteristics / difficult to distinguish between amateur and professional.
