Industrial Britain

Question 1

Urbanisation

Answer 1

People moving from rural areas to larger cities or towns looking for regular work

Question 2

How did urbanisation develop sport

Answer 2

-Change in working conditions
-Less space (lots of buildings)
-Large working class population that required entertainment
-Loss of traditional sports (mob football banned in new civilised society)

Question 3

How did railways develop sport

Answer 3

-Movement of teams to away fixtures
-Access to different parts of the country
-Cheaper train travel allowed the working class to travel the country
-Improved access to countryside

Question 4

Muscular Christianity

Answer 4

Using sport to increase attendance at services by providing facilities and creating teams.

Question 5

Examples of church teams

Answer 5

Everton, Man City, Southampton, Aston Villa.

Question 6

Emergence of middle class effect

Answer 6

Codification (strict rules from university old boys)
Competition in leagues and competitions
Increased leisure time
move to professionalism
public provisions.

Question 7

Why were NGB’s developed

Answer 7

Increased popularity of sport, regulations needed, sport commercialisation, national and international fixtures.

Question 8

Amateur code

Answer 8

playing sport for the love of it.

Question 9

Professional code

Answer 9

Playing sport for financial gain.

Question 10

Amateur values

Answer 10

Striving for physical endeavour, higher moral integrity.

Question 11

Gentleman amateur

Answer 11

Respected member of society with high sport status. Sport used to build character.

Question 12

Working class professionals

Answer 12

Came from poor backgrounds and were controlled by money, Gamesmanship used to gain advantage.

Question 13

Positives for amateurs

Answer 13

Earning money as an avenue for social mobility.
Determination to succeed.
Paid based on result so they started training.

Question 14

English public school roles

Answer 14

Pushed positive games ethics and sent moral values to people around the globe. Helped bind various members of the empire together.

Question 15

Rational recreation

Answer 15

Lower class recreations designed by the middle class to be civilised and codified.

Question 16

What is the industrial revolution

Answer 16

Period of major mechanization and innovation exploiting coal and iron.

Question 17

Amateur values

Answer 17

Manliness, appreciating health and fitness benefits, high moral integrity.

Question 18

Positive impacts of amateurism

Answer 18

Code of amateurism established, higher participation in sport, amateurs became the ‘elite performers’.

Question 19

Working class professionals

Answer 19

Came from poor backgrounds, stadiums were built for increasing spectators, corrupt individuals due to background, early professionals. Corrupt professionals from the working class.

Question 20

Examples of gamesmanship

Answer 20

Wasting time, faking injury, how quick the ball boys give the ball back, fouling to disrupt flow, fouling as the last man

Question 21

Gentleman amateur

Answer 21

Upper / middle class, wealthy, lots of free time, no desire to improve performance, played not for the financial gain

Question 22

Working class professionals characteristics

Answer 22

Lower class, poor, little free time, committed to training, winning was very important (bribes and cheating).

Question 23

Positive of 19th century professionals

Answer 23

Training resulted from importance of result (determination to succeed), allowed avenue for social mobility, developed professionalism

Question 24

20th century amateurs

Answer 24

High sport status, nigh moral (sufficient income)

Question 25

Modern day amateurs

Answer 25

Some received finance, lower status professionals, blurring of line between amateurs and professionals, top level performance is open to all (opportunities).

Question 26

Positives of modern day amateurism

Answer 26

Codes of amateurism still evident, actions such as shaking hands, addressing referee.

Question 27

Why didn’t professionals compete

Answer 27

To maintain authority, preserve the amateur ideal, maintain their exclusivity

Question 28

20th century sport development

Answer 28

Sport showcased on the radio and cinema
BBC began coverage in 1927
Football became England’s main sport
1900 - max wage of £4 a week
Massive increase in commercialisation

Question 29

HITFOR meaning

Answer 29

Poor health, lack of income, lack of time, lacking facilities, overcrowding, loss of rights

Question 30

Negatives of rational recreation in first half of 19th century

Answer 30

Lack of leisure time, income, rights and public provisions. Migration of lower classes into cities meant less space

Question 31

Second half of 19th century improvements

Answer 31

Health and hygiene both improved, gradual increase in wages and more time for sport on the weekends, development of the middle class.

Question 32

Industrial patronage

Answer 32

Kind factory owners led to provisions for recreation and sport. Factory teams set up and excursions to seaside were organised

Question 33

Values of athleticism

Answer 33

Physical endeavour with moral integrity spread to the lower classes.