Industrial Medicine

Question 1

what continuity was there about the causes of disease?

Answer 1

miasma, four humours

Question 2

what was spontaneous generation?

Answer 2

the idea that microbes were a product of decay rather than the cause of it and they spread by miasma

Question 3

how many epidemics of smallpox were there in London in the 18th century?

Answer 3

11

Question 4

what did Jenner notice?

Answer 4

milkmaids who had previously had cowpox were immune to smallpox

Question 5

what did Jenner do in 1796?

Answer 5

injected an eight year old boy James Phipps with cowpox, waited six weeks and injected him with smallpox. Phipps didn’t catch smallpox meaning Jenner’s theory must have been correct

Question 6

by 1801, how many people had been vaccinated?

Answer 6

100,000

Question 7

what were the limitations for Jenner and his vaccination?

Answer 7

he did not understand how it worked because he had no knowledge of germs and microbes
the church disapproved of vaccines
Jenner was a country doctor so had a weak reputation

Question 8

what was set up in 1802 to oppose Jenner?

Answer 8

the anti vaccine society

Question 9

when was the vaccinations act past?

Answer 9

1840

Question 10

when was the vaccinations act made compulsory?

Answer 10

1853

Question 11

what was germ theory?

Answer 11

the theory that germs cause disease

Question 12

when was germ theory published?

Answer 12

1861

Question 13

how did Pasteur prove his germ theory?

Answer 13

he realised that when beer was stored in a swan neck container it did not go off because germs could not get in

Question 14

how did Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation?

Answer 14

by proving that the beer did not go off he proved decay did not happen to sterilised matter that was left undisturbed

Question 15

what was the initial impact of germ theory?

Answer 15

small because Pasteur could not identify different microbes due to limited technology
many doctors rejected his ideas because he was a scientist not a doctor himself

Question 16

how was Koch able to move germ theory forward?

Answer 16

he grew colonies of bacteria in agar jelly and dyed them different colours to identify individual microbes for specific diseases

Question 17

what did Koch discover in 1882?

Answer 17

bacteria caused TB

Question 18

what did Koch discover in 1884?

Answer 18

cholera was spread in water supplies in India, proving Snow correct

Question 19

what did Koch receive in 1905?

Answer 19

the Nobel prize for medicine

Question 20

how did Pasteur’s assistant build on the work of Jenner?

Answer 20

his lab assistant Chamberlain accidentally injected old germs of chicken cholera into a chicken after forgetting to inject them before he went on holiday and the chickens survived. He realised his mistake so injected fresh germs into the chickens which still survived

Question 21

what did Pasteur do with the discovery of his assistant?

Answer 21

developed a way to weaken germs so they could be injected - weakened rabies germs by drying out the infected spines of rabbits before injecting them into healthy rabbits

Question 22

how did the discovery of germs impact the training of doctors and nurses?

Answer 22

training included Pasteur’s work and examining it’s affects on all aspects of medical care

Question 23

how did the discovery of germs impact life expectancy?

Answer 23

increased from 45 to 70 in 100 years

Question 24

what did people use prior to the discovery of vaccines?

Answer 24

inoculation

Question 25

what was inoculation?

Answer 25

injecting yourself with a disease to try and achieve immunity

Question 26

what were the problems with inoculation?

Answer 26

not everyone could afford it | not always effective or safe

Question 27

when was the Soho cholera outbreak?

Answer 27

1858

Question 28

how did John snow make a connection between cholera and water?

Answer 28

he plotted the deaths on a map

Question 29

how many deaths did snow plot on Broad Street?

Answer 29

578

Question 30

why could snow not explain his theory?

Answer 30

he had no knowledge of germs

Question 31

why was snows connection between cholera and water initially limited?

Answer 31

the council refused to shut down the Broad street pump because there was no scientific evidence to prove his theory

Question 32

what impact did snows theory have?

Answer 32

combined with the great stink it led to the government agreeing to a new sewer system planned by Joseph bazalgette

Question 33

by 1865, how many miles of sewers had been built in London?

Answer 33

1300

Question 34

what proved that Snow had limited initial impact?

Answer 34

further cholera outbreaks in 1866

Question 35

when was snows theory eventually proved correct?

Answer 35

1883 when Koch identified the germ which causes cholera in Indian water supplies

Question 36

when were the gin laws passed?

Answer 36

1750

Question 37

why were the gin laws passed?

Answer 37

the government were worried about the effect that it was having on the poor but were also worried about the economy if people were too drunk to work properly

Question 38

what did the gin laws do?

Answer 38

made gin more expensive

Question 39

how did the compulsory vaccination improve public health?

Answer 39

strictly enforced in 1871 which made the number of deaths from smallpox drop dramatically

Question 40

how did the role of Chadwick impact public health?

Answer 40

in 1842, he published his survey of housing conditions 'the sanitary conditions of the labouring population' which suggested it would be cheaper if local taxes were used to improve housing hygiene rather than paying for sick people

Question 41

how did the 1848 public health act impact public health?

Answer 41

allowed towns to set up their own local board of health, to organise rubbish removal and build a sewer system

Question 42

why was the 1848 public health act limited in improving public health?

Answer 42

it was not enforced so only 1/3 of towns did so

Question 43

when was the board of health abolished?

Answer 43

1858

Question 44

how was the public health act of 1875 a turning point in public health?

Answer 44

towns had to appoint health inspectors and sanitary inspectors and local councils were responsible for ensuring clean water was available, streets were paved, rubbish was removed,sewers were built and housing quality was improved

Question 45

when was the Artisans dwelling act passed?

Answer 45

1875

Question 46

what was the artisans dwelling act?

Answer 46

gave local authorities the power to buy and demolish slum housing

Question 47

when did working class men get the vote?

Answer 47

1867

Question 48

how did working class men getting the vote impact public health?

Answer 48

it gave them a voice and put pressure on the government to improve their living conditions

Question 49

what was the most significant factor impacting public health in the industrial time period?

Answer 49

the government because they were the only ones who could enforce change

Question 50

what changes did Nightingale make to hospitals?

Answer 50

clean wards, patients given bedding and meals

Question 51

due to the work of Nightingale by how much did the death rate in hospitals fall within 6 months?

Answer 51

40% to 2 %

Question 52

what did Nightingale write in 1859

Answer 52

Notes on Nursing

Question 53

what did James Simpson discover in 1847?

Answer 53

chloroform

Question 54

what happened to Hannah Greener in 1848?

Answer 54

she died from an overdose of chloroform during an operation to get her toenail removed

Question 55

what made chloroform more popular?

Answer 55

queen Victoria used it during the birth of prince Leopold in 1853

Question 56

what did Lister discover?

Answer 56

carbolic acid

Question 57

why was the use of carbolic acid opposed?

Answer 57

it dried out the skin or surgeons and left an odd smell

Question 58

what made surgeons more inclined to use carbolic acid?

Answer 58

germ theory

Question 59

what % of surgery got infected in the 19th century?

Answer 59

25%

Question 60

what did Humphrey Davy discover in 1795?

Answer 60

nitrous oxide numbed pain by inhaling it

Question 61

what did William E Clarke successfully do in 1842?

Answer 61

used ether to anaesthetise a patient to remove a tooth

Question 62

what did Robert Liston successfully do in 1846?

Answer 62

anaesthetised a patient with ether to amputate his leg

Question 63

what was the problem with ether?

Answer 63

it was flammable and often made the patients vomit

Question 64

why did the advancement of surgery take a long time?

Answer 64

surgeons were initially unwilling to accept the use of carbolic spray as they did not believe the air was full of germs and did not want to accept that they might have been responsible for the infections that killed their patients

Question 65

what law was passed in 1876?

Answer 65

a law allowing all women to study medicine