Industrial Revolution Flashcards
(35 cards)
enclosure movement
The enclosure movement was this: wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land
crop rotation
the system of varying successive crops in a definite order on the same ground, especially to avoid depleting the soil and to control weeds, diseases, and pests.
industrial revolution
the totality of the changes in economic and social organization that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments
factors of production
economic term that describes the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in order to make an economic profit
mechaniztion
to introduce machinery into (an industry, enterprise, etc.), especially in order to replace manual labor
factory system
a manufacturing method for a standardized product or products in which fixed capital, raw material, and labor operations are centralized and sophisticated machinery is often used
cottage industry
the production, for sale, of goods at home, as the making of handicrafts by rural families
entrepeneur
a person who organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk
tenements
Also called tenement house. a run-down and often overcrowded apartment house, especially in a poor section of a large city
mass production
the production or manufacture of goods in large quantities, especially by machinery
fordism
modern economic and social systems based on industrialized, standardized mass production and mass consumption
corporation
association of individuals, created by law or under authority of law, having a continuous existence independent of the existences of its members, and powers and liabilities distinct from those of its members
monopoly
exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices
strikes
to declare or engage in a suspension of (work) until an employer grants certain demands, such as pay increases, an improved pension plan, etc
unions
a number of persons, states, etc., joined or associated together for some common purpose
collective
of or characteristic of a group of individuals taken together
bargaining
an advantageous purchase, especially one acquired at less than the usual cost
eli whitney
1765–1825, U.S. manufacturer and inventor
james watt
James, 1736–1819, Scottish engineer and inventor
henry bessemer
Sir Henry, 1813–98, English engineer: inventor of the Bessemer process
richard arkwright
Sir Richard, 1732–92, English inventor of the spinning jenny
robert fulton
Robert, 1765–1815, U.S. engineer and inventor: builder of the first profitable steamboat
samuel morse
1761–1826, U.S. geographer and Congregational clergyman (father of Samuel F. B. Morse
henry ford
Henry, 1863–1947, U.S. automobile manufacturer
