Infancy And Childhood

Question 1

How many weeksis a full term pregnancy

Answer 1

38 weeks to 40 weeks

Question 2

Which following week is what we call “pre-natal” or fertilization period

Answer 2

Week 2

Question 3

Which of the following week is does the fetus starts to have human features and at risk for possible deffects.

Answer 3

3rd Week

Question 4

Which of the following term describes the complete absence of an organ and its primordium.

Answer 4

Agenesis

Question 5

Which of the following terminilogy referes to an absence of an organ due to failure of development from the primordium. The primordium is still present but didn’t developed.

Answer 5

Aplasia

Question 6

Which of the following terminology describes the absence of an opening in a hollow organ

Answer 6

Atresia

Question 7

This following terminology describes the underdevelopment of an organ due to reduced cell numbers. The number of cells is low to able to develop into a mature form.

Answer 7

Hypoplasia

Question 8

This following terminology explains the overdevelopment of an organ due to increased cell numbers

Answer 8

Hyperplasia

Question 9

This following terminology describes the increased in cell size, but not because of it’s number. The organ increased it’s size due to the cell also increasing size.

Answer 9

Hypertrophy

Question 10

Decrease in size of organ due to decrease of cell size

Answer 10

Hypotrophy

Question 11

Abormal organization of cells in tissues. Can be neoplastic or non-neoplastic

Answer 11

Dysplasia

Question 12

Developmental error caused by extrinsic mechanical forces

Answer 12

Deformation

Question 13

Abnormal shape of uterus, the identation causes addtional mechanical pressure towards the developing fetus

Answer 13

Small Bicornuate Nucleus

Question 14

Presence of benign tumor in uteros that can add mechanical pressure to the developing fetus.

Answer 14

Leiomyomas

Question 15

Low amniotic fluid; Fetal/Placental Factors

Answer 15

Oligyodyramnious

Question 16

Example disease caused by the compression inside the uterus.

Answer 16

Clubfoot

Question 17

This is due to presence of extrinsic disturbances, this is not inherited.

Answer 17

Disruption

Question 18

Example of Disruption; The limbs bloodflow are disrupted which may lead to torn or ruptured limbs due to loss of sufficient blood flow. This is not supposedly dangerous, but in rare cases it get tangled up to the developing fetus

Answer 18

Amniotic Bands

Question 19

May be due to genetic, chromosomal or multifactoral causes, it is primary intrinsic errors in morphogenesis

Answer 19

Malformations

Question 20

Multiplies anomalies arising from a signle initiating defect.

Answer 20

Sequence

Question 21

Effects of Potter Sequence:

Answer 21

Flattened face, limb deformities, lung hypoplase, amnion nodosum.

Question 22

Not connected but the anomalies are manifested all together. Often due to a single cause that affect multiple tissue

Answer 22

Malformation Syndrome

Question 23

It could be on the chromosome or there is a specific gene that mutates and resulted into a disorder

Answer 23

Genetic Cause

Question 24

Extra-Chromosome on chromosomal 21.

Answer 24

Down Syndrome

Question 25

Partial X or complete absence of extra chromosomal X.

Answer 25

Turner Syndrome

Question 26

Mutation in one specific gene or are

Answer 26

Klinefelter Syndrome

Question 27

Which of the following developmental weeks does the alterations of chromosome occur

Answer 27

2nd Week

Question 28

Teratogen known to cause limb malformations

Answer 28

Thalidomide

Question 29

Teratogen known to cause growth retardation, facial deformities, and anomalies, CNS issues like brain development

Answer 29

Alcohol

Question 30

Not proven teratogen but increases the risk of abortion, preterm birth, low birth weight and SIDS

Answer 30

Cigarette Smoking

Question 31

Leads to fetal T2DM, hyperinsulinemia, macrosomia, and major malformations

Answer 31

Maternal Diabetes

Question 32

Intereaction between genes of small effect and enviromental factors, some abnormal gene are triggred by enviromental factor. It activates the certain genes that causes abrnomalities. Common Anomalies: Cleft lip/palate, neural tube defects.

Answer 32

Multifactorial Inheritance

Question 33

It greatly reduces the defect of neural tube defect incidence. It makes the reprductive system healthy even the cells that develops. Increases the fertility

Answer 33

Folic Acid Supplmentation / Folic acid

Question 34

It is from corn lily which inhibits the hedgehog pathway that causes cyclopia, and holoprosencephaly.

Answer 34

Cyclopamine

Question 35

Disrupts HOX gene expression which causes limb, vertebral and craniofacial defects.

Answer 35

Valproic Acid

Question 36

The defeciency of this teratogen causes multiple malformations. Excess affects CNS, heart, craniofacial structures (cleft palate).

Answer 36

Retinoic Acid

Question 37

Second leading cause of neonatal mortality, birth before 37 weeks of gestation

Answer 37

Prematurity

Question 38

What are the major risk factors of prematurity

Answer 38

PPROM, Intraurine Infection, Structrual Abnormalities and Multiples gestations, Complications of prematurity in the Newborn