infancy and childhood development

Question 1

eriksons eight life span stage

Answer 1

stage 1 = trust vs mistrust
stage 2 = autonomy vs shame and doubt
stage 3 = initiative vs guilt
stage 4 = industry vs inferiority
stage 5 = identity vs confusion
stage 6 = intimacy vs isolation
stage 7 = generativity vs self-absorption
stage 8 = integrity vs despair

Question 2

describe stage 1 erikson eight life span stage

Answer 2

trust vs mistrust
0-1 year
complete dependence on adults for basic needs
\+ive outcome = trusting, optimistic
-ive outcome = mistrusting, insecure

Question 3

describe stage 2 erikson eight life span stage

Answer 3

autonomy vs shame and doubt
2-3 years
coincides w/ toilet training
positive and encouraging parenting = sense of autonomy and self-suffciency
parents dissatisfied = personal shame and self doubt

Question 4

describe stage 3 erikson eight life span stage

Answer 4

initiative vs guilt
3-6 years
child integrates and gets on w/ siblings and parents = own initiative and self confidence
-ive outcome = from family conflict - guilt suffers from self esteem

Question 5

describe stage 4 erikson eight life span stage

Answer 5

industry vs inferiority
6-12 years
function outside family unit
function in less nurturing and more productive oriented society
\+ive outcome = develop industry and competence
-ive outcome = develop inferiority and incompetence

Question 6

types of child attachment

Answer 6

secure attachment
ambivalent attachment
avoidant attachment

Question 7

attachment style

Answer 7

secure
anxious
fearful-avoidant
avoidant

Question 8

characteristic of secure attachment

Answer 8

able to separate from parent
seek comfort from parent when frightened
+ive response to return of parents
prefer parents to stranger

Question 9

characteristics of ambivalent attachment

Answer 9

may be wary of strangers
distressed when parents leaves
not comforted by return of parent

Question 10

characteristics of avoidant attachment

Answer 10

may avoid parents
don’t seek comfort from parents
little preference between parents or stranger

Question 11

traits of secure attachment

Answer 11

set healthy boundaries
comfortable w/ autonomy and intimacy
can be emotional to those close to them

Question 12

traits of anxious attachment

Answer 12

fears of abandonment
seeks external validation
struggles being alone
insecure

Question 13

traits of fearful avoidant attachment

Answer 13

desires but fear relationships and intimacy
scared of rejection
low self esteem

Question 14

traits of avoidant attachment

Answer 14

overly self reliant
commitment issues
avoid intimacy
distant in relationships

Question 15

different types of temperament

Answer 15

easy or flexible
difficult, active, feisty
slow to warm, cautious
combination

Question 16

describe easy or flexible temperament

Answer 16

– calm, happy, adaptable, regular in
sleeping and eating habits, positive in mood and
interested in new experiences

Question 17

describe difficult, active feisty temperament

Answer 17

fussy, irregular feeding and sleeping habits
low in adaptability
fear new people and situations
easily upset

Question 18

describe slow to warm up or cautious temperament

Answer 18

relatively inactive,
reflective, tend to withdraw or react more negatively to novelty, but their reactions gradually become more
positive with experience

Question 19

list piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

Answer 19

sensorimotor period
preoperational period
concrete operational period
formal operational period

Question 20

describe stage 1 sensorimotor period piagets cognitive development

Answer 20

0-2 years
Development of ability to coordinate sensory input with motor actions
• Emergence of symbolic thought
• OBJECT PERMANENCE

Question 21

describe stage 2 preoperational period of piagets cognitive development

Answer 21

2-7 years
Lack CONSERVATION 
• Characteristic thinking:
• Centration - focus on one feature of
problem, ignoring other important
aspects
• Irreversibility - inability to reverse
an action
• Egocentrism - limited ability to
share another’s viewpoint
• Animism - all things are living

Question 22

describe stage 3 preoperational period of piagets cognitive development

Answer 22

Child can:
• mentally manipulate the environment
• coordinate several aspects of a problem
• can operate with images of tangible objects and
events
• Masters concepts of:
• Reversibility
• Decentration
• Decline in egocentrism

Question 23

symptoms of Post-partum depression

Answer 23

Appetite disturbance
Sleep disturbance 
Suicidal Ideation
impaired concentration
fatigue

Question 24

predictors of post partum depression

Answer 24

1. Prenatal depression
2. Low self-esteem
3. Childcare stress
4. Prenatal anxiety
5. Life stress
6. low socioeconomic status

Question 25

effect of post partum depression on infants and children

Answer 25

mothers are less affectionate, more withdrawn or hostile to infants, less responsive of infant cues effects lower cognitive performance, less creative emotional and behavioural problems, less mature