Past Papers qs Flashcards
(49 cards)
binge drinking definition
as 6 units or more
describe DSM-5 tool and how it used to detect if someone alcohol use disorder
mild = 2-3 criteria
moderate = 4-5 criteria
severe = 6+ criteria
1. recurrent use resulting in failure of obligation
2. recurrent use resulting in hazardous situations
3. tolerance
4. alcohol craving
5. important activities given up/reduced because of drinking
6. a lot of time spent obtaining, using or recovering from alcohol
list 3 short term and long term risks of alcohol abuse
short term = accidents, vomiting, HIV or STIs
long term = liver cirrhosis, acute panreatitis, irreversible neurological damage
list learning theories that explain alcohol dependencies.
Operant conditioning; behaviour = social drinking
consequence = socialise and have fun friends
result = feel compelled to drink
Social learning theory; determine behaviour (factor environmental e.g. social norms, cognitive e.g. attitude and behavioural factors e.g. self efficacy)
describe CAGE questionnaire to identify alcohol abuse.
What disadvantage does CAGE have?
C =have you felt you should Cut down on your drinking
A = Have people Annoyed you criticising your drinking
G = Have felt Guilt for drinking?
E = Have you ever drank first thing in the morning (Eye-opener)
Does not assess - bingeing, frequency, amount.
discuss 5As intervention for alcohol use
Ask all patients Advise patients on health effects Assess their readiness to quit Assist strategies for reduction Arrange follow up for further support
List all types of amnesia
give 4 causes of amnesia
3 ways as a physio you would give info to adapt to a patient with this condition
Retrograde amnesia:
– Inability to remember events that happened prior to onse= retrieval failure
• Anterograde amnesia: – Inability to take in new factual information or remember day-to-day events = consolidation failure
• Post-traumatic amnesia:
– Combines both
– Period of retrograde shrinks
– Period of anterograde determines classification
of head injury [mild, moderate, or severe]
4 causes = brain injury, drugs, alcoholism, severe emotional trauma
3 ways = don’t present too much info, order info from most important to least important, provide recall cues e.g. diagrams, info leaflets, repeat info
list the 3 components of memory
describe processing theory
encoding = info gets into memory
storage = storage maintained in memory
retrieval = info is recovered from memory
levels of processing theory - shallow = structure = appearance
- intermediate = phonemic = sound
- deep = semantic = meaning
give 4 reasons we forget
2 ways physios can help patient remember their treatment
- ineffective coding = lack of attention
- interference = competition from info - new info impair retention of old
- decay = memory fades over time
- motivated forgetting = repression willingly forget traumatic memory
2 ways to help
order info from most to least important
give visuals
describe multistore model
how you use your knowledge of memory to keep info you are relayde stored as long as possible?
sensory - momentarily preserved auditory, tactile and sensory info
short term = memory stored for 20s
long term memory = unlimited capacity info stored indefinitely
order from most to least important info
not too much info
repeat key info to promote rehearsal
make info meaningful and connected relate to current knowledge
define palliative care and give 5 reasons it is preferred to hospitalisation
palliative care = continuing active total care of patients and their families when there is no medical explanation for cure, respond to physical, psychological, social and spiritual need and bereavement support.
give highest possible quality of life for patient and family
1. affirms life, dying is normal process
2. neither hastens nor postpones death life assisted suicide or euthanasia
3. offers support system to keep patient’s active life
4. uses team approach to meet needs of patient and family
5. enhance quality of life -> positive influence on course of influence
levels of palliative care
Level one – Palliative Care Approach:
– Palliative care principles should be appropriately applied by all health care professionals.
• Level two – General Palliative Care:
– At an intermediate level, a proportion of patients and families will benefit from the expertise of health care professionals who, although not engaged full time in palliative care, have had some additional training and experience in palliative care.
• Level three – Specialist Palliative Care:
– Specialist palliative care services are those services whose core activity is limited to the provision of palliative care, under the direction of a consultant in palliative medicine.
definition of obesity, name 2 causes of obesity and 2 treatments of obesity and measurements of obesity
a very high amount of body fat relative to lean body mass, where excess body fat has accumulated to an extent that health may be adversely affected
causes, genetics, physical inactivity, medication, overeating
2 treatments = behavioural therapy (change diet and promote exercise), surgery
measurements = BMI weight/height in metres squared
waist to hip circumference ratio
waist circumference
strengths of weakness of the BMI
define obesogenic environment and discuss how this can affect an individual’s ability to reduce their BMI.
Strengths = easy to measure, cheap, high correlation w/ fat levels mainly accurate
weaknesses = does not consider age, gender or body frame, not as accurate in elderly, doesn’t distinguish body fat from muscle mass
Obesogenic environment = certain factors that influences the promotion of obesity in a population
sports and leisure - lack of school facilities few playing areas,
family - genetic predisposition, parent’s knowledge in health
food promotion = via school marketing, eating out and ads
Outline the DSM 5 criteria for AN
Describe three of these
warning signs, and outline the five item-screening questionnaire “SCOFF”
which is used to screen for eating disorders.
DSM four broad categories
are delineated:
1.Anorexia Nervosa
2.Bulimia Nervosa
3.Binge eating disorder
4. Avoidant /restrictive food intake disorder
3 warning signs - significant weight loss, feelings of guilt after eating, denial of hunger
SCOFF questionnaire
do you make yourself Sick because you feel full?
Do you worry you have lost Control over what you eat?
have lose more than One 914 points or 6.35 kg) stone?
do you think you are Fat when others say you’re thin?
would you think Food dominates your life?
2 or more score means anorexia or bulimia
list DSM-5 levels of Bulimia
Give 3 warning signs for Bulimia
list 3 components of treating bulimia and anorexia
A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating - lack of control and eating within 2 hour period lots of food
B. recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour to prevent weight gain/purging e.g. comitting, laxatives]
C. both binge eating and purging occurs at least once a week or 3 months
D. self evaluation of body weight and shape
Mild = 1-3 episodes or purging a week
moderate = 4-7 episodes of purging a week
severe = 8=13 episodes of purging a week
extreme = >14 eps of purging a week
3 warning signs - bingeing and purging, secretive eating, visits bathroom after eating
treatment = restore to healthy weight, treat psychological issue, eliminate behaviours to prevent relapse
outline the transtheoretical model
give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of the model
how you would apply this model when communicating to patient stage by stage
precontemplation - ignore problem
contemplation - aware of problem weigh pros and cons
preparation - plan behaviour change
action - perform perform behaviour
maintenance - integrate new behaviour in life
prevent relapse
advantage = recognise difficulties inherent in behaviour change, applicable to all health-related behaviours, r.g. smoking, exercise screening,
disadvantage = assumes rational thinking, doesn’t address social context
precontemplation = clarify that its their decision
contemplation = validate lack of readiness
preparation = identify social support
action = combat feelings of loss and reinforce +ive long term effects
maintenance = plan for follow up support
relapse = focus on successful part of plan
define conformity, whistleblowing and obedience
Provide at least two examples of how any of these three social influences are important in
healthcare settings
conformity = Yielding to real or imagined social pressure
whistleblowing = publicising wrong doings or failures of colleagues or employers
obedience = form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in direct authority
1 = obedience of an order from the doctor without questioning if it is for the well being of the patient can out people’s lives at risk e.g. unknown doctor telephone ward and request nurse start does of drug and says he will do the paper and the dose is twice the daily limit, nurses obey and don’t question it
2 = whistleblowing = allows faults in the healthcare system to be recognises opens the conversation for critique outside of the work environment forcing room for change
e.g. nurses came out about insane numbers of hysterectomies conducted many w/o patient’s consent
stress definition
list difference between stress as a stimulus and stress as a transaction
Stress arises when there is a mismatch between our
appraisals of demands and of our abilities and coping resources
stress as a stimulus
- burdens and joys of life
- life events theory measures in life change unit how much disruptive change in life (marriage, getting fired, moving) are related to stress
- limitations => personality, genetic, predisposing factors e.g. life decision, lifestyle,
stress as a transaction
- mismatch between demands and your abilities and coping resources
- contributing factors => external or internal event environment, internal or external resources, individual’s characteristics
explain how mechanism of stress affects health
maladaptive coping in response to stress - poor nutrition, lack of exercise, alcohol, drug use, smoking
adaptive coping 2 types - 1. constructive problem focused coping => how to manage stressor
or 2. emotion-focused coping = change feelings about stressors
endocrine response to stress - activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system, leads to corticotrophin-releasing hormone factor - inc. blood flow, dec. immune function, inc. vigilance
describe stress coping paradigm
list 2 ways to reduce stress
stimulus undergoes primary appraisal process - depending on quality and nature of stimulus the stimulus can be benign, irrelevant, or positive leading to no further action
when it is seen as possibly causing harm, loss or thress the stimulus appraised is now seen as a stressor and undergoes secondary appraisal
depending on external(social support or money) or internal(strength and will) the person can respond by seeking more info, aking direct action, doing nothing or worrying
venting providing a support system
promote regular exercise
identify behaviours and practise behavioural responses - relaxation, meditation
define adherence, list its 2 types of non- adherence
give 5 factors for non-adherence according to WHO
adherence =The extent to which a person’s behaviour - taking medication, following a diet, and/or executing lifestyle changes - corresponds with agreed recommendations from a health care provider
intentional and unintentional type
1. condition-related factors - greater non-adherence in chronic illnes = faster illness progression, greater severity of symptoms and therefore disability
2. therapy-related factors: longer duration of treatment, complex treatment, frequent changes, more severe side effects
3. health system - poorly developed services, poor med distribution systems, lack of knowledge
4. socio-economic factors - illiteracy, unemployment, unstable living conditions, high cost of transport
5. patient-related factors, - lack of knowledge or competence
give rates of non-adherence and name 3 methods you would manage intentional non-adherence and 3 ways you would manage unintenional non-adherence
rate vary from 4% - 92%
intentional
1. check adherence - normalise poor adherence, provide feedback
2. good relationships and satisfaction of care - develop open, communicative and non-judgemental relationship
3. patient-centred care - get patients view, cater treatment to patient’s preference
unintentional
- tailor treatment patients preference
- check understanding of how to take treatment
- simplify treatment
describe piaget’s pre-operational period
list 3 PPD predictors
treatments of PPD
lack conservation - physical qualities remain constant after appearance changes
possess ideologies - centration (focus one feature of a problem),
irreversibility,
egocentrism(limited ability to share another POV),
animism (all things are alive)
PPD predictors
prenatal depression
low self esteem
childcare stress
support - send them to specialise for medication options, refer to support groups, hormone therapy
